Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Korea.
Arch Virol. 2014 May;159(5):871-84. doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1920-3. Epub 2013 Nov 22.
The Bacillus cereus group phages infecting B. cereus, B. anthracis, and B. thuringiensis (Bt) have been studied at the molecular level and, recently, at the genomic level to control the pathogens B. cereus and B. anthracis and to prevent phage contamination of the natural insect pesticide Bt. A comparative phylogenetic analysis has revealed three different major phage groups with different morphologies (Myoviridae for group I, Siphoviridae for group II, and Tectiviridae for group III), genome size (group I > group II > group III), and lifestyle (virulent for group I and temperate for group II and III). A subsequent phage genome comparison using a dot plot analysis showed that phages in each group are highly homologous, substantiating the grouping of B. cereus phages. Endolysin is a host lysis protein that contains two conserved domains: a cell-wall-binding domain (CBD) and an enzymatic activity domain (EAD). In B. cereus sensu lato phage group I, four different endolysin groups have been detected, according to combinations of two types of CBD and four types of EAD. Group I phages have two copies of tail lysins and one copy of endolysin, but the functions of the tail lysins are still unknown. In the B. cereus sensu lato phage group II, the B. anthracis phages have been studied and applied for typing and rapid detection of pathogenic host strains. In the B. cereus sensu lato phage group III, the B. thuringiensis phages Bam35 and GIL01 have been studied to understand phage entry and lytic switch regulation mechanisms. In this review, we suggest that further study of the B. cereus group phages would be useful for various phage applications, such as biocontrol, typing, and rapid detection of the pathogens B. cereus and B. anthracis and for the prevention of phage contamination of the natural insect pesticide Bt.
蜡样芽胞杆菌群噬菌体感染蜡样芽胞杆菌、炭疽芽胞杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bt）已在分子水平上，最近在基因组水平上进行了研究，以控制病原体蜡样芽胞杆菌和炭疽芽胞杆菌，并防止天然昆虫农药 Bt 被噬菌体污染。比较系统发育分析揭示了具有不同形态（I 组为肌病毒科，II 组为短尾病毒科，III 组为 Tectiviridae）、基因组大小（I 组>II 组>III 组）和生活方式（I 组为烈性，II 组和 III 组为温和）的三个不同的主要噬菌体群。随后使用点图分析进行的噬菌体基因组比较表明，每个组中的噬菌体高度同源，证实了蜡样芽胞杆菌噬菌体的分组。内溶素是一种宿主裂解蛋白，包含两个保守结构域：细胞壁结合结构域（CBD）和酶活性结构域（EAD）。在蜡样芽胞杆菌属 sensu lato 噬菌体 I 组中，根据两种类型的 CBD 和四种类型的 EAD 的组合，已检测到四种不同的内溶素组。I 组噬菌体有两个尾部溶菌素和一个内溶素拷贝，但尾部溶菌素的功能仍不清楚。在蜡样芽胞杆菌属 sensu lato 噬菌体 II 组中，炭疽芽胞杆菌噬菌体已被研究并应用于病原宿主菌株的分型和快速检测。在蜡样芽胞杆菌属 sensu lato 噬菌体 III 组中，研究了苏云金芽孢杆菌噬菌体 Bam35 和 GIL01，以了解噬菌体进入和裂解开关调节机制。在这篇综述中，我们建议进一步研究蜡样芽胞杆菌群噬菌体将有助于各种噬菌体应用，例如生物防治、病原蜡样芽胞杆菌和炭疽芽胞杆菌的分型和快速检测，以及防止天然昆虫农药 Bt 被噬菌体污染。
