LEESU, École des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est, Paris, France,
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014 Apr;21(8):5297-310. doi: 10.1007/s11356-013-2370-x. Epub 2013 Nov 28.
Methods for simulating air pollution due to road traffic and the associated effects on stormwater runoff quality in an urban environment are examined with particular emphasis on the integration of the various simulation models into a consistent modelling chain. To that end, the models for traffic, pollutant emissions, atmospheric dispersion and deposition, and stormwater contamination are reviewed. The present study focuses on the implementation of a modelling chain for an actual urban case study, which is the contamination of water runoff by cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the Grigny urban catchment near Paris, France. First, traffic emissions are calculated with traffic inputs using the COPERT4 methodology. Next, the atmospheric dispersion of pollutants is simulated with the Polyphemus line source model and pollutant deposition fluxes in different subcatchment areas are calculated. Finally, the SWMM water quantity and quality model is used to estimate the concentrations of pollutants in stormwater runoff. The simulation results are compared to mass flow rates and concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn measured at the catchment outlet. The contribution of local traffic to stormwater contamination is estimated to be significant for Pb and, to a lesser extent, for Zn and Cd; however, Pb is most likely overestimated due to outdated emissions factors. The results demonstrate the importance of treating distributed traffic emissions from major roadways explicitly since the impact of these sources on concentrations in the catchment outlet is underestimated when those traffic emissions are spatially averaged over the catchment area.
方法用于模拟道路交通引起的空气污染以及对城市环境中雨水径流质量的相关影响，特别强调将各种模拟模型集成到一致的建模链中。为此，审查了用于交通、污染物排放、大气扩散和沉积以及雨水污染的模型。本研究重点介绍了实际城市案例研究建模链的实施，该案例研究是法国巴黎附近 Grigny 城市集水区中镉 (Cd)、铅 (Pb) 和锌 (Zn) 对水径流的污染。首先，使用 COPERT4 方法根据交通输入计算交通排放。然后，用 Polyphemus 线源模型模拟污染物的大气扩散，并计算不同子流域的污染物沉积通量。最后，使用 SWMM 水量和水质模型来估计雨水径流中污染物的浓度。将模拟结果与在集水区出口处测量的 Cd、Pb 和 Zn 的质量流量率和浓度进行比较。局部交通对雨水污染的贡献估计对 Pb 很重要，对 Zn 和 Cd 的影响则较小；然而，由于排放因子过时，Pb 很可能被高估。结果表明，明确处理主要道路的分布式交通排放非常重要，因为当将这些源的交通排放空间平均分配到集水区时，这些源对集水区出口处浓度的影响被低估了。
