Research Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (CELLO), University of Antwerp, St. Jacobstraat 2, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
J Aging Stud. 2013 Dec;27(4):299-307. doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2013.06.003. Epub 2013 Aug 2.
The number of retired people in Europe has increased significantly in recent decades. It remains unclear, however, whether individuals are more likely to be pulled toward retirement by their expectations about life after retirement than they are to be pushed out of the labour market due to poor health or dislike of one's job. The fact that retirement timing differs rather considerably between European countries suggests that not only micro, but also macro push (i.e. labour market constraints) and pull (i.e. economic incentives) factors influence retirement decisions. This duality heightens the need to determine the influence of micro-level and macro-level push and pull indicators on the retirement timing of older workers (50+) in Europe. Results are obtained performing multilevel event history analysis using longitudinal micro data from the first (2004/05) and second (2006/07) waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and macro data derived from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Eurostat. The results indicate that at the individual level, older workers are pushed out due to health problems as well as being attracted towards retirement to spend time with their grandchildren. At the institutional level, financial incentives such as a high implicit tax on continued work and high expenditures on early exit schemes make retirement attractive, whereas the institutional push context is of lesser importance.
近年来，欧洲退休人员的数量显著增加。然而，目前尚不清楚个人是否更有可能因为对退休后生活的期望而被推向退休，而不是因为健康状况不佳或不喜欢自己的工作而被推向劳动力市场。退休时间在欧洲各国之间存在相当大差异的事实表明，不仅微观层面，而且宏观层面的推动因素（即劳动力市场限制）和拉动因素（即经济激励）都会影响退休决策。这种双重性凸显了确定微观和宏观层面的推动和拉动指标对欧洲老年工人（50 岁以上）退休时间的影响的必要性。研究结果是通过使用欧洲健康、老龄化和退休调查的第一波（2004/05 年）和第二波（2006/07 年）的纵向微观数据以及来自经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）和欧盟统计局的宏观数据，对多层次事件历史分析进行的。结果表明，在个人层面上，由于健康问题以及希望与孙子孙女共度时光，老年工人被推向退休。在制度层面上，金融激励措施（如对继续工作的高隐性税收和提前退出计划的高支出）使退休具有吸引力，而制度推动因素的重要性较小。
