Bader Michel, Hadjikhani Nouchine
Research Unit, Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (SUPEA), 25A Rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland,
Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2014 Mar;6(1):11-7. doi: 10.1007/s12402-013-0121-y. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
Historical references to the emergence of the current concept of ADHD typically cite descriptions from medical textbooks by Weikard (1775) and Crichton (An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement: Comprehending a concise system of the physiology and pathology of the human mind and a history of the passion and their affects. Cardell Jr and Davies, Londres, 1798) on attention disorders, poems of Hoffman on hyperactive and impulsive behaviors (Der Struwwelpeter. Frankfurt am Main, Literarische Anstalt, 1843), as well as the work of Still (Lancet 1:1008-1012, 1077-1082, 1163-1168, 1902a, Lancet 159(4102):1008-1013, 1902b, Lancet 159(4103):1077-1082, 1902c, Lancet 159(4104):1163-1168, 1902d) on impulsive behaviors and defective moral regulation of behavior. The notion of "instability" developed by French physicians between 1887 and 1910 is rarely mentioned and often ignored. Writings from this period show that in France, the emergence of the concept of ADHD according to modern terminology comes from the notion of "mental instability" introduced in the 1890s under the leadership of Désiré-Magloire Bourneville at the Hospital Bicêtre in Paris, based on his observations of children and adolescents who had been labeled "abnormal" and placed in medical and educational institutions. In the early twentieth century, elaborating on the observations of Bourneville, Jean Phillipe and Georges Paul-Boncour showed the presence of a subgroup of "unstable" children who suffered from a disease entity in its own right within the population of "abnormal" schoolchildren (the terminology of the time). This new pathological entity included symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention, corresponding to today's classic triad of ADHD symptoms. While noting the lack of behavioral inhibition, clinical descriptions of Bourneville, Philip and Paul-Boncour also considered the notion of "moral disorder" which at that time played an important role in psychopathology. This resulted in some degree of confusion between impulsive symptoms and major behavioral disturbances often associated with ADHD.
对当前注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）概念起源的历史参考通常会引用魏卡德（1775年）和克里顿（《对精神错乱的本质和起源的探究：包含人类心理生理学和病理学的简明系统以及激情及其影响的历史》。小卡德尔和戴维斯，伦敦，1798年）医学教科书中对注意力障碍的描述、霍夫曼关于多动和冲动行为的诗歌（《蓬头彼得》。美因河畔法兰克福，文学出版社，1843年），以及斯蒂尔的著作（《柳叶刀》1:1008 - 1012，1077 - 1082，1163 - 1168，1902a；《柳叶刀》159(4102):1008 - 1013，1902b；《柳叶刀》159(4103):1077 - 1082，1902c；《柳叶刀》159(4104):1163 - 1168，1902d）中关于冲动行为和行为道德调节缺陷的内容。1887年至1910年间法国医生提出的“不稳定”概念很少被提及且常被忽视。这一时期的文献表明，在法国，按照现代术语，ADHD概念的出现源于19世纪90年代在巴黎比塞特医院的德西雷 - 马格洛瓦·布尔内维尔的领导下引入的“精神不稳定”概念，这是基于他对被贴上“异常”标签并被安置在医疗和教育机构中的儿童和青少年的观察。在20世纪初，让·菲利普和乔治·保罗 - 邦库尔在阐述布尔内维尔的观察结果时，表明在“异常”学童群体（当时的术语）中存在一个“不稳定”儿童亚组，他们自身患有一种疾病实体。这个新的病理实体包括多动、冲动和注意力不集中的症状，与当今ADHD症状的经典三联征相对应。在指出缺乏行为抑制的同时，布尔内维尔、菲利普和保罗 - 邦库尔的临床描述也考虑了“道德障碍”的概念，而这在当时的精神病理学中起着重要作用。这导致了冲动症状与通常与ADHD相关的主要行为障碍之间在一定程度上的混淆。
