Logrieco A F, Haidukowski M, Susca A, Mulè G, Munkvold G P, Moretti A
a Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Research National Council (ISPA-CNR) , Bari , Italy.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2014;31(1):149-55. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2013.862349. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
Fumonisins (FBs), which are carcinogenic mycotoxins, are known to be typically produced by several phytopathogenic fungal species belonging to the genus Fusarium. F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides, two important pathogens of maize worldwide, are the most common species that produce FBs. The main FBs produced by these species are FB1, FB2 and FB3. Moreover, recently, fungal strains belonging to Aspergillus niger have been also reported to produce FBs (in particular, FB2 and FB4). In a survey on maize carried out in Central Italy, 17 maize kernel samples were collected at harvest and analysed for FB1, FB2 and FB3, as well as fungal contamination, with a particular attention to the species-producing FBs. All 17 samples were contaminated by F. verticillioides and/or F. proliferatum at a level ranging from 13% to 100% of kernels. However, 10 out of 17 samples were also contaminated by Aspergillus section Nigri with a range from 6% to 68% of kernels. There was a significant inverse logarithmic relationship between levels of Fusarium and Aspergillus contamination. All samples were contaminated by FBs; FB1 ranged from 0.09 to 30.2 μg g(-1), whereas FB2 ranged from 0.04 to 13.2 μg g(-1). The ratio of FB2/FB1 contamination in the maize samples was evaluated and the highest values occurred in samples contaminated with Aspergillus section Nigri. Thirty strains of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from these samples were molecularly identified (based on sequences of two housekeeping genes) and analysed for their capability to produce FB2. Among the 30 strains isolated, 12 were identified as Aspergillus welwitschiae (syn. A. awamori) and 18 as A. tubingensis. FB2 was produced by five out of 12 strains of A. welwitschiae within a range of 0.20-5 μg g(-1). This is the first report showing the capability of Aspergillus section Nigri from maize to produce FB2 and its possibility to contribute to FB accumulation in kernels.
伏马毒素（FBs）是致癌性霉菌毒素，已知通常由镰刀菌属的几种植物病原真菌产生。轮枝镰孢菌和串珠镰孢菌是全球玉米的两种重要病原菌，是产生FBs最常见的菌种。这些菌种产生的主要伏马毒素是FB1、FB2和FB3。此外，最近有报道称黑曲霉属的真菌菌株也能产生FBs（特别是FB2和FB4）。在意大利中部进行的一项玉米调查中，收获时采集了17个玉米籽粒样本，分析了FB1、FB2和FB3以及真菌污染情况，特别关注产生FBs的菌种。所有17个样本都被轮枝镰孢菌和/或串珠镰孢菌污染，污染程度在籽粒的13%至100%之间。然而，17个样本中有10个也被黑曲霉组污染，污染程度在籽粒的6%至68%之间。镰刀菌和曲霉污染水平之间存在显著的负对数关系。所有样本都被FBs污染；FB1的含量范围为0.09至30.2μg g-1，而FB2的含量范围为0.04至13.2μg g-1。评估了玉米样本中FB2/FB1的污染比例，最高值出现在被黑曲霉组污染的样本中。从这些样本中分离出的30株黑曲霉组菌株进行了分子鉴定（基于两个管家基因的序列），并分析了它们产生FB2的能力。在分离出的30株菌株中，12株被鉴定为韦氏曲霉（泡盛曲霉的同义词），18株被鉴定为管囊曲霉。12株韦氏曲霉中有5株产生了FB2，含量范围为0.20至5μg g-1。这是第一份报告显示来自玉米的黑曲霉组有能力产生FB2及其在籽粒中导致FB积累的可能性。
