Straube Andreas, Heinen Florian, Ebinger Friedrich, von Kries Rüdiger
Department of Neurology, University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Munich, Campus Innenstadt, Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Clinic for Child and Adolescent Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, Paderborn, and Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Institute of Social Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Munich.
Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 Nov 29;110(48):811-8. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0811.
Recurrent headache is a common problem in school children. Evaluation generally leads to the diagnosis of a primary headache syndrome (migraine or tension-type headache). This review is addressed to the question whether headaches in school children are becoming more common and, if so, what risk factors are associated with the rise in frequency.
We selectively searched the PubMed database for pertinent publications that contained the terms "primary headache AND children/adolescent AND risk factors/prevalence." Articles published in either English or German up to April 2013 were considered. Articles on secondary types of headache were excluded.
Headaches are becoming more common among school children. At present, 66% to 71% of 12- to 15- year-olds have at least one headache every three months, and 33% to 40% have at least one per week. Headache is often accompanied by other physical and/or emotional manifestations. Studies from Scandinavia reveal increasing prevalence in age groups from 8 years of age and upward. Various studies have identified the following risk factors for headache or for its chronification (up to 5.8-fold elevation of risk): a dysfunctional family situation, the regular consumption of alcohol, caffeine ingestion, smoking, a low level of physical activity, physical or emotional abuse, bullying by peers, unfair treatment in school, and insufficient leisure time.
Headaches are becoming more common among children and adolescents. They are often associated with other physical and emotional complaints.
复发性头痛是学龄儿童中的常见问题。评估通常会得出原发性头痛综合征（偏头痛或紧张型头痛）的诊断。本综述探讨了学龄儿童头痛是否变得更加普遍，如果是，与频率上升相关的风险因素有哪些。
我们在PubMed数据库中进行了选择性检索，查找包含“原发性头痛 AND 儿童/青少年 AND 风险因素/患病率”等术语的相关出版物。纳入截至2013年4月以英文或德文发表的文章。排除关于继发性头痛类型的文章。
头痛在学龄儿童中变得更加普遍。目前，12至15岁的儿童中，66%至71%的人每三个月至少有一次头痛，33%至40%的人每周至少有一次头痛。头痛常伴有其他身体和/或情绪表现。斯堪的纳维亚的研究显示，8岁及以上年龄组的患病率在上升。各种研究已经确定了以下头痛或其慢性化的风险因素（风险升高达5.8倍）：家庭功能失调、经常饮酒、摄入咖啡因、吸烟、体育活动水平低、身体或情感虐待、同伴欺凌、在学校受到不公平对待以及休闲时间不足。
头痛在儿童和青少年中变得更加普遍。它们通常与其他身体和情绪问题相关。
