California State University Sacramento, USA.
J Sports Sci Med. 2006 Jul 1;5(CSSI):122-31. eCollection 2006.
Four black belt throwers (tori) and one black belt faller (uke) were filmed and analyzed in three-dimensions using two video cameras (JVC 60 Hz) and motion analysis software. Average linear momentum in the anteroposterior (x), vertical (y), and mediolateral (z) directions and average resultant impulse of uke's center of mass (COM) were investigated for three different throwing techniques; harai-goshi (hip throw), seoi-nage (hand throw), and osoto-gari (leg throw). Each throw was broken down into three main phases; kuzushi (balance breaking), tsukuri (fit-in), and kake (throw). For the harai-goshi and osoto-gari throws, impulse measurements were the largest within kuzushi and tsukuri phases (where collision between tori and uke predominantly occurs). Both throws indicated an importance for tori to create large momentum prior to contact with uke. The seoi-nage throw demonstrated the lowest impulse and maintained forward momentum on the body of uke throughout the entire throw. The harai-goshi and osoto-gari are considered power throws well-suited for large and strong judo players. The seoi-nage throw is considered more technical and is considered well-suited for shorter players with good agility. A form of resistance by uke was found during the kuzushi phase for all throws. The resistance which can be initiated by tori's push or pull allows for the tsukuri phase to occur properly by freezing uke for a good fit-in. Strategies for initiating an effective resistance include initiating movement of uke so that their COM is shifted to their left (for right handed throw) by incorporating an instantaneous "snap pull "with the pulling hand during kuzushi to create an opposite movement from uke. Key PointsThe degree of collision between the thrower (tori) and person being thrown (uke) may be a reflection of throwing power.The hip throw (harai-goshi) and leg throw (osoto-gari) created large collisions onto uke and are considered power throws well-suited for stronger and heavier players.The shoulder throw (seio-nage) created small collisions onto uke emphasizing the importance for skill rather than strength.A theoretical resistance to tori's pull was found during the kuzushi phase indicating a propensity for uke to freeze and allow tori to better fit into the throw during the tsukuri phase.
四名黑带投掷者（tori）和一名黑带倒地者（uke）被用两部 JVC 60Hz 摄像机和运动分析软件进行了三维拍摄和分析。研究了三种不同投掷技术的前-后（x）、垂直（y）和侧向（z）方向的平均线性动量以及 uke 质心（COM）的平均综合冲量，这三种投掷技术分别为：外刈（hip throw）、背负投（seoi-nage）和大外刈（osoto-gari）。每次投掷都分为三个主要阶段：破坏平衡（kuzushi）、契合（tsukuri）和投掷（kake）。对于外刈和大外刈的投掷，冲量测量在破坏平衡和契合阶段最大（在这个阶段 tori 和 uke 之间发生碰撞）。这两种投掷都表明，tori 在与 uke 接触之前，应先产生较大的动量。背负投的冲量最小，在整个投掷过程中保持 uke 向前的动量。外刈和大外刈被认为是适合高大强壮的柔道选手的强力投掷技术。背负投则被认为更具技术性，适合灵活性较好的矮个选手。在所有投掷中，在破坏平衡阶段都发现了 uke 的一种抵抗形式。这种抵抗可以通过 tori 的推或拉来启动，从而使 uke 在 tsukuri 阶段冻结，以实现良好的契合。启动有效抵抗的策略包括在破坏平衡阶段，通过将手瞬间“猛拉”，使 uke 的质心向其左侧（对于右手投掷）移动，从而使 uke 产生相反的运动。关键点投手（tori）与被投手（uke）之间的碰撞程度可能反映出投掷力量的大小。髋部投掷（外刈）和腿部投掷（大外刈）对 uke 产生了较大的碰撞，因此被认为是适合力量更大、体重更重的选手的强力投掷技术。肩部投掷（背负投）对 uke 产生了较小的碰撞，这强调了技能而不是力量的重要性。在破坏平衡阶段发现了对 tori 拉力的理论抵抗，这表明 uke 有冻结的倾向，从而使 tori 在 tsukuri 阶段更好地契合。
