Oginska Halszka, Oginska-Bruchal Katarzyna
Department of Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland.
Chronobiol Int. 2014 May;31(4):523-31. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2013.874355. Epub 2014 Jan 7.
The study aimed to recognize the personality factors of a predisposition to seasonal mood fluctuations in a non-clinical sample. A group of 101 subjects (57 women, 44 men; mean age 26.4 ± 6.5 years) completed a battery of tests comprising a Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), Chronotype Questionnaire (ChQ), a NEO-Five Factor Inventory and a Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). A smaller sample (n = 44) completed a Winter Blues Scale (WBS). Women scored significantly higher than men in seasonality (p = 0.014), neuroticism (p = 0.049), agreeableness (p = 0.010), and avoidance-oriented coping style (p = 0.041). Subjects with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) (n = 41) or sub-SAD (n = 33), as diagnosed with SPAQ, exhibited higher levels of neuroticism (p = 0.017) and openness (p = 0.016) in comparison to non-SAD individuals. The latter declared a less frequent avoidance coping style. Both measures of seasonality, i.e. the SPAQ Global Seasonality Score and WBS, correlated significantly (r = 0.28 and 0.44, respectively) with the subjective amplitude of the circadian rhythm, as described with the "distinctness" scale of ChQ. Female gender, neuroticism and openness were confirmed as factors linked to seasonal mood variability. Additionally, the study revealed an association between susceptibility to mild winter depression and an avoidance-oriented coping style. The avoidance coping style was correlated positively with all the aspects of seasonality described by SPAQ (correlation coefficients from 0.21 to 0.34). Both sub-types of avoidance-oriented style, i.e. distraction and social diversion, were associated with marked subjective seasonal changes in sleep length, mood and the energy level. While the subjective amplitude of circadian rhythm proved to be connected with seasonality, the subjective acrophase of the rhythm (morningness-eveningness preference) did not. It may be hypothesized that sensitivity to natural environmental conditions/synchronizers is a separate individual trait shaping the subject's proneness to energy and mood changes both in diurnal and year scale, i.e. circadian and seasonal mood variations.
该研究旨在识别非临床样本中易出现季节性情绪波动的人格因素。101名受试者（57名女性，44名男性；平均年龄26.4±6.5岁）完成了一系列测试，包括季节性模式评估问卷（SPAQ）、昼夜节律类型问卷（ChQ）、NEO五因素人格量表和应激情境应对量表（CISS）。一个较小的样本（n = 44）完成了冬季抑郁量表（WBS）。女性在季节性（p = 0.014）、神经质（p = 0.049）、宜人性（p = 0.010）和回避导向应对方式（p = 0.041）方面的得分显著高于男性。经SPAQ诊断为季节性情感障碍（SAD）（n = 41）或亚SAD（n = 33）的受试者，与非SAD个体相比，表现出更高水平的神经质（p = 0.017）和开放性（p = 0.016）。后者宣称采用回避应对方式的频率较低。两种季节性测量方法，即SPAQ全球季节性得分和WBS，与用ChQ的“清晰度”量表描述的昼夜节律主观振幅显著相关（分别为r = 0.28和0.44）。女性性别、神经质和开放性被确认为与季节性情绪变化相关的因素。此外，该研究揭示了对轻度冬季抑郁的易感性与回避导向应对方式之间的关联。回避应对方式与SPAQ描述的季节性的所有方面均呈正相关（相关系数从0.21到0.34）。回避导向方式的两种子类型即分心和社交转移，均与睡眠时长、情绪和能量水平的明显主观季节性变化相关。虽然昼夜节律的主观振幅被证明与季节性有关，但节律的主观相位（晨型-夜型偏好）并非如此。可以假设，对自然环境条件/同步器的敏感性是一种独立的个体特质，它塑造了个体在昼夜和年度尺度上，即昼夜节律和季节性情绪变化中能量和情绪变化的倾向。
