Zenker Armin, Cicero Maria Rita, Prestinaci Francesca, Bottoni Paola, Carere Mario
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship - Switzerland, Gruendenstrasse, 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
National Institute of Health, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention - Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
J Environ Manage. 2014 Jan 15;133:378-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.017. Epub 2014 Jan 11.
Pharmaceuticals, among the emerging contaminants, are one of the most relevant groups of substances in aquatic ecosystems due to universal use, their chemico-physical properties and known mode of action in aquatic organisms at low concentrations. After administration many drugs and their transformation products are only retained to some extent in wastewater treatment plants therefore entering the aquatic environment in considerable high amounts. The yearly consumption to treat human and animal diseases, also in livestock and aquaculture was estimated to be hundred thousands tons per year leading to high concentrations in surface water of developed countries. Mostly, pharmaceutical residues in effluents of wastewater treatment plants or in the water column of surface waters have been reported, but data about concentrations in the aquatic biota, partitioning of pharmaceuticals to biosolids, soils, and sediments and the bioaccumulation properties are often lacking. Chronic and subtle effects can be expected when aquatic organisms are long term exposed by pseudo-persistent, persistent and accumulative compounds. This review aims to summarize the current state of research about the fate of pharmaceuticals regarding bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and potential biomagnification in aquatic ecosystems. More comprehensive approaches for the evaluation of environmental (ERA) and human health risk assessment (HRA) are included and analytical methods required to detect bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals are discussed.
在新兴污染物中，药物是水生生态系统中最相关的物质类别之一，这归因于其广泛使用、理化性质以及在低浓度下对水生生物已知的作用方式。给药后，许多药物及其转化产物仅在一定程度上被废水处理厂截留，因此大量进入水生环境。据估计，每年用于治疗人类和动物疾病（包括家畜和水产养殖）的药物消耗量达数十万吨，导致发达国家地表水中药物浓度很高。大多数情况下，已报道了废水处理厂排放物或地表水体水柱中的药物残留，但往往缺乏关于水生生物群中药物浓度、药物在生物固体、土壤和沉积物中的分配以及生物累积特性的数据。当水生生物长期暴露于假持久性、持久性和累积性化合物时，可能会产生慢性和微妙的影响。本综述旨在总结当前关于药物在水生生态系统中的生物浓缩、生物累积和潜在生物放大方面的研究现状。文中纳入了更全面的环境风险评估（ERA）和人类健康风险评估（HRA）方法，并讨论了检测药物生物累积所需的分析方法。
