自然选择可以偏爱“非理性”行为。
Natural selection can favour 'irrational' behaviour.
机构信息
School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, , University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK.
出版信息
Biol Lett. 2014 Jan 15;10(1):20130935. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0935. Print 2014 Jan.
Understanding decisions is the fundamental aim of the behavioural sciences. The theory of rational choice is based on axiomatic principles such as transitivity and independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA). Empirical studies have demonstrated that the behaviour of humans and other animals often seems irrational; there can be a lack of transitivity in choice and seemingly irrelevant alternatives can alter decisions. These violations of transitivity and IIA undermine rational choice theory. However, we show that an individual that is maximizing its rate of food gain can exhibit failure of transitivity and IIA. We show that such violations can be caused because a current option may disappear in the near future or a better option may reappear soon. Current food options can be indicative of food availability in the near future, and this key feature can result in apparently irrational behaviour.
理解决策是行为科学的基本目标。理性选择理论基于公理化原则，如传递性和不相关选择的独立性（IIA）。实证研究表明，人类和其他动物的行为往往看起来不合理；选择可能缺乏传递性，看似不相关的选择可能会改变决策。这些对传递性和 IIA 的违反破坏了理性选择理论。然而，我们表明，一个正在最大化其食物获取率的个体可能会表现出传递性和 IIA 的失败。我们表明，这种违反可能是由于当前的选项可能在不久的将来消失，或者更好的选项可能很快重新出现。当前的食物选项可以指示未来的食物供应情况，而这个关键特征可能导致明显的不合理行为。
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