College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2014;14(12):1016-26. doi: 10.2174/1389201015666140113113222.
Graphene-based nanosheets (GNS) are atomic-thickness monolayers of hexagonally arranged, graphite-derived carbon atoms that may be composed of graphene, graphene oxide, or reduced graphene oxide. They have attracted tremendous interest for their potential in pharmaceutical applications, due to their unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties GNS exhibit highly uniform surface areas and may have hydroxyl (-OH), epoxide (-O-), and carboxyl functional groups at their basal surfaces and plane edges, depending on their oxidized and reduced surface properties. GNS show high-level optical absorption of near infrared (NIR) light and elevate the temperature of nearby environments. Furthermore, they can be loaded with anticancer drugs via hydrophobic interactions, π-π stacking, or electrostatic binding. Given these properties, GNS can be used in chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and theranostics. However, although GNS appear to have far-reaching potential in the field of biomedical research, their widespread pharmaceutical application has been limited by issues such as poor stability in physiological buffers, undefined mechanisms of cellular uptake, toxicity problems, and a lack of standard preparation methods. Here, we review the current pharmaceutical applications of GNS, focusing on chemotherapy, phototherapy, combo therapy and theranostic applications with challenging issues.
基于石墨烯的纳米片（GNS）是由六边形排列的、源自石墨的碳原子组成的原子厚度单层，可能由石墨烯、氧化石墨烯或还原氧化石墨烯组成。由于其独特的物理、化学和机械性能，GNS 在药物应用方面引起了极大的兴趣，GNS 具有高度均匀的表面积，并且其基底表面和平面边缘可能具有羟基（-OH）、环氧化物（-O-）和羧基官能团，这取决于其氧化和还原的表面性质。GNS 对近红外（NIR）光具有高水平的光吸收，并升高周围环境的温度。此外，它们可以通过疏水相互作用、π-π 堆积或静电结合来负载抗癌药物。鉴于这些特性，GNS 可用于化学疗法、光动力疗法、光热疗法和治疗学。然而，尽管 GNS 在生物医学研究领域似乎具有深远的潜力，但它们在药物方面的广泛应用受到了一些问题的限制，例如在生理缓冲液中稳定性差、细胞摄取机制不明确、毒性问题以及缺乏标准的制备方法。在这里，我们综述了 GNS 的当前药物应用，重点介绍了化疗、光疗、联合治疗和治疗学应用方面的具有挑战性的问题。
