Orecchioni Marco, Cabizza Roberto, Bianco Alberto, Delogu Lucia Gemma
1. Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , via muroni 23 07100 Sassari, Italy.
2. CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Immunologiepathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
Theranostics. 2015 Mar 28;5(7):710-23. doi: 10.7150/thno.11387. eCollection 2015.
Nowadays cancer remains one of the main causes of death in the world. Current diagnostic techniques need to be improved to provide earlier diagnosis and treatment. Traditional therapy approaches to cancer are limited by lack of specificity and systemic toxicity. In this scenario nanomaterials could be good allies to give more specific cancer treatment effectively reducing undesired side effects and giving at the same time accurate diagnosis and successful therapy. In this context, thanks to its unique physical and chemical properties, graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene (rGO) have recently attracted tremendous interest in biomedicine including cancer therapy. Herein we analyzed all studies presented in literature related to cancer fight using graphene and graphene-based conjugates. In this context, we aimed at the full picture of the state of the art providing new inputs for future strategies in the cancer theranostic by using of graphene. We found an impressive increasing interest in the material for cancer therapy and/or diagnosis. The majority of the works (73%) have been carried out on drug and gene delivery applications, following by photothermal therapy (32%), imaging (31%) and photodynamic therapy (10%). A 27% of the studies focused on theranostic applications. Part of the works here discussed contribute to the growth of the theranostic field covering the use of imaging (i.e. ultrasonography, positron electron tomography, and fluorescent imaging) combined to one or more therapeutic modalities. We found that the use of graphene in cancer theranostics is still in an early but rapidly growing stage of investigation. Any technology based on nanomaterials can significantly enhance their possibility to became the real revolution in medicine if combines diagnosis and therapy at the same time. We performed a comprehensive summary of the latest progress of graphene cancer fight and highlighted the future challenges and the innovative possible theranostic applications.
如今，癌症仍然是全球主要死因之一。当前的诊断技术需要改进，以实现更早的诊断和治疗。传统的癌症治疗方法存在特异性不足和全身毒性的局限。在这种情况下，纳米材料有望成为得力助手，实现更具特异性的癌症治疗，有效减少不良副作用，同时提供准确的诊断和成功的治疗。在此背景下，由于其独特的物理和化学性质，石墨烯、氧化石墨烯（GO）和还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）最近在包括癌症治疗在内的生物医学领域引起了极大关注。在此，我们分析了文献中所有与使用石墨烯及基于石墨烯的复合物对抗癌症相关的研究。在此背景下，我们旨在全面了解当前的技术水平，为未来利用石墨烯进行癌症诊疗的策略提供新的思路。我们发现人们对该材料用于癌症治疗和/或诊断的兴趣与日俱增。大部分研究工作（73%）集中在药物和基因递送应用，其次是光热疗法（32%）、成像（31%）和光动力疗法（10%）。27%的研究聚焦于诊疗一体化应用。本文讨论的部分研究成果推动了诊疗一体化领域的发展，涵盖了将成像技术（如超声检查、正电子发射断层扫描和荧光成像）与一种或多种治疗方式相结合的应用。我们发现，石墨烯在癌症诊疗一体化中的应用仍处于早期，但正处于快速发展的研究阶段。任何基于纳米材料的技术，若能将诊断和治疗同时结合，都将显著提升其成为医学真正变革力量的可能性。我们对石墨烯抗癌的最新进展进行了全面总结，并突出了未来的挑战以及创新的诊疗一体化应用可能性。
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