Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
Prog Lipid Res. 2014 Apr;54:32-52. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.01.003. Epub 2014 Jan 27.
The emergence of 'omics' technologies (i.e. genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc.) have revealed new avenues for exploring plant metabolism through data-rich experimentation and integration of complementary methodologies. Over the past decade, the lipidomics field has benefited from advances in instrumentation, especially mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches that are well-suited for detailed lipid analysis. The broad classification of what constitutes a lipid lends itself to a structurally diverse range of molecules that contribute to a variety of biological processes in plants including membrane structure and transport, primary and secondary metabolism, abiotic and biotic stress tolerances, extracellular and intracellular signaling, and energy-rich storage of carbon. Progress in these research areas has been advanced in part through approaches analyzing chemical compositions of lipids in extracts from cells, tissues and/or whole organisms (e.g. shotgun lipidomics), and through visualization approaches primarily through microscopy-based methodologies (e.g. fluorescence, bright field, electron microscopy, etc.). While these techniques on their own provide rich biochemical and biological information, coordinated analyses of the complexity of lipid composition with the localization of these lipids at a high spatial resolution will help to develop a new level of understanding of lipid metabolism within the context of tissue/cellular compartmentation. This review will elaborate on recent advances of one such approach--mass spectrometry imaging (MSI)--that integrates in situ visualization with chemical-based lipidomics. We will illustrate, with an emphasis on oilseed lipid metabolism, how MS imaging can provide new insights and questions related to the spatial compartmentation of lipid metabolism in plants. Further it will be apparent that this MS imaging approach has broad application in plant metabolic research well beyond that of triacylglycerol biosynthesis in oilseeds.
“组学”技术（即基因组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学等）的出现为通过富含数据的实验和互补方法的整合来探索植物代谢开辟了新途径。在过去的十年中，脂质组学领域受益于仪器的进步，特别是基于质谱（MS）的方法非常适合详细的脂质分析。构成脂质的广泛分类本身就适合于结构多样的分子，这些分子有助于植物中的各种生物学过程，包括膜结构和运输、初级和次级代谢、非生物和生物胁迫耐受性、细胞外和细胞内信号转导以及富含碳的能量储存。这些研究领域的进展部分是通过分析细胞、组织和/或整个生物体提取物中脂质的化学成分的方法（例如， shotgun 脂质组学），以及通过主要基于显微镜的方法进行可视化的方法（例如，荧光、明场、电子显微镜等）来实现的。虽然这些技术本身提供了丰富的生化和生物学信息，但协调分析脂质组成的复杂性及其在高空间分辨率下的定位将有助于在组织/细胞区室化的背景下对脂质代谢有一个新的理解水平。本综述将详细介绍一种此类方法——质谱成像（MSI）的最新进展，该方法将原位可视化与基于化学的脂质组学相结合。我们将重点介绍油籽脂质代谢，说明 MS 成像如何为植物脂质代谢的空间区室化提供新的见解和问题。此外，显然这种 MS 成像方法在植物代谢研究中的应用非常广泛，远远超出了油籽中三酰基甘油生物合成的应用。
