Mohacsy I
Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10028.
J Am Acad Psychoanal. 1988 Jan;16(1):83-106. doi: 10.1521/jaap.1.1988.16.1.83.
One of the most popular subjects of European art in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance was the legend of the unicorn, whereby the mythical beast, otherwise uncapturable, was lured into the lap of a beautiful virgin--an allegory of Christ's Incarnation. The curiously double nature of the virgin in this tale, her purity versus her duplicity, seems unquestionably related to the infantile split mother, as elucidated by Klein--a connection explored in an earlier paper. Yet the split virgin is also clearly related to the Catharist heresy, which overtook Europe in the twelfth century and which held, in defiance of Christian orthodoxy, that the cosmos was divided between the force of good and the force of evil. (The legend may also have connections with troubadour poetry, in which the woman is all-powerful, all pure and all-denying.) Catharism was brutally suppressed by the Church in the early thirteenth century, and it is precisely at that time that the unicorn's "virgin capture" begins to pervade the visual arts. It thus appears that these artistic representations took the place of Catharism as a sublimated expression of the unconsciously surviving split mother. Such a connection would confirm Klein's observation that splitting is never entirely outgrown by the psyche. Klein's point is also confirmed by the Church's encouragement of Mariolatry--in which the godhead is divided between the powerful Father and the merciful Virgin Mary--at the same time that Catharism was being wiped out. Beneath the overt Oedipal meaning of Mariolatry, one sees the Church providing an orthodox outlet for the pre-Oedipal need to split the object.
中世纪晚期和文艺复兴时期欧洲艺术中最受欢迎的主题之一是独角兽传说，即这种神秘的野兽，否则无法捕获，却被引诱到一位美丽处女的膝上——这是基督道成肉身的寓言。在这个故事中，处女奇特的双重本质，她的纯洁与她的表里不一，似乎无疑与克莱因所阐明的婴儿期分裂的母亲有关——这一联系在早期一篇论文中有所探讨。然而，分裂的处女也显然与12世纪席卷欧洲的卡特里派异端有关，该异端违背基督教正统教义，认为宇宙被善恶之力所分割。（这个传说也可能与游吟诗人的诗歌有关，在这些诗歌中，女性是全能、全纯洁且全否定的。）13世纪初，卡特里派被教会残酷镇压，而恰恰在那个时候，独角兽的“被处女捕获”开始在视觉艺术中盛行。因此，这些艺术表现似乎取代了卡特里派，成为无意识中幸存的分裂母亲的一种升华表达。这样的联系将证实克莱因的观察，即分裂永远不会被心理完全超越。教会在消灭卡特里派的同时鼓励圣母崇拜——其中神性在强大的圣父和慈悲的圣母玛利亚之间划分——这一点也证实了克莱因的观点。在圣母崇拜公开的俄狄浦斯意义之下，可以看到教会为前俄狄浦斯期将客体分裂的需求提供了一个正统的出口。
