Rath Johannes, Ischi Monique, Perkins Dana
Department Integrative Zoologie, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria,
Sci Eng Ethics. 2014 Sep;20(3):769-90. doi: 10.1007/s11948-014-9519-y. Epub 2014 Feb 5.
This paper provides an overview of the various dual-use concepts applied in national and international non-proliferation and anti-terrorism legislation, such as the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, and national export control legislation and in relevant codes of conduct. While there is a vast literature covering dual-use concepts in particular with regard to life sciences, this is the first paper that incorporates into such discussion the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540. In addition, recent developments such as the extension of dual-use export control legislation in the area of human rights protection are also identified and reviewed. The discussion of dual-use concepts is hereby undertaken in the context of human- and/or national-security-based approaches to security. This paper discusses four main concepts of dual use as applied today in international and national law: civilian versus military, peaceful versus non-peaceful, legitimate versus illegitimate and benevolent versus malevolent. In addition, the usage of the term to describe positive technology spin-offs between civilian and military applications is also briefly addressed. Attention is also given to the roles civil society and research ethics may play in the governance of dual-use sciences and technologies.
本文概述了在国家和国际防扩散及反恐立法中应用的各种两用概念，如《生物和毒素武器公约》《化学武器公约》以及联合国安理会第1540号决议，还涉及国家出口管制立法及相关行为准则。虽然有大量文献专门论述两用概念，特别是关于生命科学方面的，但本文是第一篇将联合国安理会第1540号决议纳入此类讨论的论文。此外，还识别并审视了诸如在人权保护领域扩展两用出口管制立法等近期动态。本文在基于人类安全和/或国家安全的安全方法背景下对两用概念展开讨论。本文探讨了如今在国际法和国内法中应用的四个主要两用概念：民用与军用、和平与非和平、合法与非法、善意与恶意。此外，还简要提及了用该术语描述民用与军事应用之间积极的技术衍生效应的情况。同时也关注了民间社会和研究伦理在两用科学技术治理中可能发挥的作用。
