Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany.
Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Germany.
Int J Psychophysiol. 2014 May;92(2):49-58. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.02.004. Epub 2014 Feb 15.
Little is known about the impact of temporal orientation (chronotype; time perspective) on cognitive performance. This study adopted a psychophysiological approach to explore how chronotype (morningness-eveningness) and time perspective (present; future) influence time succession as another aspect of psychological time that is entailed within script knowledge. In a temporal judgment task, participants decided which of the two presented sub-events (e.g., get new batteries-set right time on alarm clock) comes earlier (or later) within a given script (e.g., changing batteries in an alarm clock). Behavioral and pupillary data suggest a differential impact of chronotype and time perspective on script knowledge and cognitive performance. The impact of time perspective on the processing of temporal information entailed in script knowledge appears linked to match or mismatch conditions between a strong focus on future outcomes associated with future time perspective and the task of identifying either the later (future-oriented) or the earlier (past-oriented) sub-event. Concerning the chronotype, evening types process items in which chronological time succession is violated (i.e., reversely presented items) more accurately than morning types. Indexed by pupillary data, the impact of chronotype may relate to more general cognitive abilities. The psychophysiological data derived in this study suggests that evening types typically outperform morning types in various measures such working memory capacity and verbal intelligence simply because they invest more cognitive resources than morning types.
关于时间取向（时间类型；时间视角）对认知表现的影响知之甚少。本研究采用心理生理学方法来探索时间类型（早睡早起型和晚睡晚起型）和时间视角（现在；未来）如何影响时间序列，时间序列是脚本知识所包含的另一个心理时间方面。在时间判断任务中，参与者判断两个呈现的子事件（例如，获取新电池-设置闹钟的正确时间）中哪一个先发生（或后发生）在给定的脚本（例如，在闹钟中更换电池）中。行为和瞳孔数据表明时间类型和时间视角对脚本知识和认知表现有不同的影响。时间视角对脚本知识中所包含的时间信息处理的影响似乎与未来时间视角与识别较晚（面向未来）或较早（面向过去）的子事件之间的任务相关的未来结果的强烈关注之间的匹配或不匹配条件有关。关于时间类型，晚睡型比早起型更准确地处理违反时间顺序的项目（即，反向呈现的项目）。通过瞳孔数据索引，时间类型的影响可能与更一般的认知能力有关。本研究得出的心理生理学数据表明，晚型通常在各种测量中比早型表现更好，例如工作记忆容量和言语智力，仅仅是因为他们比早型投入了更多的认知资源。
