United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center (NG-16), 26W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center (NG-16), 26W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
Environ Int. 2014 Nov;72:124-8. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.031. Epub 2014 Feb 16.
This report summarizes the current state of knowledge on the persistence of biological agents on drinking water infrastructure (such as pipes) along with information on decontamination should persistence occur. Decontamination options for drinking water infrastructure have been explored for some biological agents, but data gaps remain. Data on bacterial spore persistence on common water infrastructure materials such as iron and cement-mortar lined iron show that spores can be persistent for weeks after contamination. Decontamination data show that common disinfectants such as free chlorine have limited effectiveness. Decontamination results with germinant and alternate disinfectants such as chlorine dioxide are more promising. Persistence and decontamination data were collected on vegetative bacteria, such as coliforms, Legionella and Salmonella. Vegetative bacteria are less persistent than spores and more susceptible to disinfection, but the surfaces and water quality conditions in many studies were only marginally related to drinking water systems. However, results of real-world case studies on accidental contamination of water systems with E. coli and Salmonella contamination show that flushing and chlorination can help return a water system to service. Some viral persistence data were found, but decontamination data were lacking. Future research suggestions focus on expanding the available biological persistence data to other common infrastructure materials. Further exploration of non-traditional drinking water disinfectants is recommended for future studies.
本报告总结了生物制剂在饮用水基础设施（如管道）上的持久性的现有知识，以及如果持久性发生时的消毒信息。已经针对一些生物制剂探索了饮用水基础设施的消毒选择，但仍存在数据空白。关于细菌孢子在常见水基础设施材料（如铁和水泥-砂浆衬砌铁）上的持久性的数据表明，孢子在污染后可以持续数周。消毒数据表明，常见的消毒剂，如游离氯，效果有限。使用发芽剂和替代消毒剂，如二氧化氯，消毒效果更有希望。已经收集了关于营养细菌（如大肠菌群、军团菌和沙门氏菌）的持久性和消毒数据。营养细菌比孢子的持久性差，对消毒更敏感，但许多研究中的表面和水质条件与饮用水系统仅略有关联。然而，关于水系统意外受到大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌污染的真实案例研究的结果表明，冲洗和氯化可以帮助水系统恢复使用。发现了一些病毒持久性数据，但缺乏消毒数据。未来的研究建议侧重于将可用的生物持久性数据扩展到其他常见基础设施材料。建议未来的研究进一步探索非传统饮用水消毒剂。
