Clark Nicholas J, Clegg Sonya M, Lima Marcos R
Environmental Futures Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia; Natural Environments Program, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
Environmental Futures Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia.
Int J Parasitol. 2014 Apr;44(5):329-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.01.004. Epub 2014 Feb 18.
Biogeographic patterns of parasite diversity are useful for determining how host-parasite interactions can influence speciation. However, variation in methodologies and sampling effort can skew diversity estimates. Avian haemosporidians are vector-transmitted blood parasites represented by over 1300 unique genetic lineages spread across over 40 countries. We used a global database of lineage distributions for two avian haemosporidian genera, Plasmodium and Haemoproteus, to test for congruence of diversity among haemosporidians and their avian hosts across 13 geographic regions. We demonstrated that avian haemosporidians exhibit similar diversity patterns to their avian hosts; however, specific patterns differ between genera. Haemoproteus spp. diversity estimates were significantly higher than those of Plasmodium spp. in all areas where the genera co-occurred, apart from the Plasmodium spp.-rich region of South America. The geographic distributions of parasite genera also differed, with Haemoproteus spp. absent from the majority of oceanic regions while Plasmodium spp. were cosmopolitan. These findings suggest fundamental differences in the way avian haemosporidians diverge and colonise new communities. Nevertheless, a review of the literature suggests that accurate estimates of avian haemosporidian diversity patterns are limited by (i) a concentration of sampling towards passerines from Europe and North America, (ii) a frequent failure to include microscopic techniques together with molecular screening and (iii) a paucity of studies investigating distributions across vector hosts.
寄生虫多样性的生物地理模式有助于确定宿主 - 寄生虫相互作用如何影响物种形成。然而，方法学和采样工作量的差异可能会使多样性估计产生偏差。鸟类血孢子虫是通过媒介传播的血液寄生虫，由分布在40多个国家的1300多个独特遗传谱系代表。我们使用了疟原虫属和血变原虫属这两个鸟类血孢子虫属的谱系分布全球数据库，来测试13个地理区域内血孢子虫及其鸟类宿主之间多样性的一致性。我们证明，鸟类血孢子虫与其鸟类宿主表现出相似的多样性模式；然而，不同属之间的具体模式有所不同。在这两个属共同出现的所有地区，除了南美洲疟原虫属丰富的地区外，血变原虫属的多样性估计值显著高于疟原虫属。寄生虫属的地理分布也有所不同，大多数海洋区域没有血变原虫属，而疟原虫属则分布于世界各地。这些发现表明鸟类血孢子虫在分化和定殖新群落的方式上存在根本差异。尽管如此，对文献的回顾表明，鸟类血孢子虫多样性模式的准确估计受到以下因素的限制：（i）采样集中于来自欧洲和北美的雀形目鸟类；（ii）经常未能将显微镜技术与分子筛查结合使用；（iii）研究媒介宿主分布的研究匮乏。
