Haemosporidian Infection Risk Variation Across an Urban Gradient in a Songbird.

Urbanization is a significant source of inter- and intra-city environmental variation and is associated with declining avian population sizes, with a shift towards more homogeneous communities that consist of large populations of the same species. However, whether this shift extends to urban disease ecology and related parasite communities requires further examination. By comparing the diversity of two related parasite genera (largely host-generalist and largely host-specialist and infection status of dark-eyed juncos () across an urbanization gradient in California, we can determine how broad urban-associated land use changes and localized habitat composition correlate with pathogen communities. Additionally, by examining vector abundance responses, we can begin to assess broader impacts on urban disease transmission and ecology. We report fewer birds were infected with in urban habitats, with a larger presence of host-generalist lineages, suggesting urbanization increases homogenization of host-specialist pathogens. Unsurprisingly, the largely host-generalist pathogen, showed no correlation with urbanization, but infections increased with rainfall. Local habitat characteristics had limited effects on infection status, but biotic characteristics, including wing chord length and human presence, were associated with infections. Lastly, an important vector for and zoonotic pathogens, was the only vector to also increase in abundance in response to rainfall. Our results show that broad land use changes associated with urbanization decrease avian parasite biodiversity and highlight localized abiotic and biotic habitat characteristics that may reduce infection prevalence.