Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
Physiol Res. 2014;63(Suppl 1):S29-47. doi: 10.33549/physiolres.932644.
Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds. These biological polymers have emerged as promising materials for tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility, mostly good availability and tailorable properties. This complex group of biomolecules can be classified using several criteria, such as chemical composition (homo- and heteropolysaccharides), structure (linear and branched), function in the organism (structural, storage and secreted polysaccharides), or source (animals, plants, microorganisms). Polysaccharides most widely used in tissue engineering include starch, cellulose, chitosan, pectins, alginate, agar, dextran, pullulan, gellan, xanthan and glycosaminoglycans. Polysaccharides have been applied for engineering and regeneration of practically all tissues, though mostly at the experimental level. Polysaccharides have been tested for engineering of blood vessels, myocardium, heart valves, bone, articular and tracheal cartilage, intervertebral discs, menisci, skin, liver, skeletal muscle, neural tissue, urinary bladder, and also for encapsulation and delivery of pancreatic islets and ovarian follicles. For these purposes, polysaccharides have been applied in various forms, such as injectable hydrogels or porous and fibrous scaffolds, and often in combination with other natural or synthetic polymers or inorganic nanoparticles. The immune response evoked by polysaccharides is usually mild, and can be reduced by purifying the material or by choosing appropriate crosslinking agents.
多糖是由单糖单元通过糖苷键连接而成的长链碳水化合物分子。由于其生物相容性、良好的可用性和可调节的性质，这些生物聚合物已成为组织工程中很有前途的材料。这些复杂的生物分子可以根据多种标准进行分类，例如化学组成（同多糖和杂多糖）、结构（线性和支链）、在生物体中的功能（结构、储存和分泌多糖）或来源（动物、植物、微生物）。在组织工程中广泛应用的多糖包括淀粉、纤维素、壳聚糖、果胶、藻酸盐、琼脂、葡聚糖、普鲁兰、凝胶多糖、黄原胶和糖胺聚糖。多糖已被应用于几乎所有组织的工程和再生，尽管大多处于实验阶段。已经对多糖进行了用于血管、心肌、心脏瓣膜、骨骼、关节和气管软骨、椎间盘、半月板、皮肤、肝脏、骨骼肌、神经组织、膀胱的工程设计，也用于胰岛和卵巢滤泡的封装和递送。为此，多糖已以各种形式应用，如可注射水凝胶或多孔和纤维状支架，并且通常与其他天然或合成聚合物或无机纳米粒子结合使用。多糖引起的免疫反应通常较轻，可以通过纯化材料或选择合适的交联剂来减轻。
