Fink M, Medelnik J, Strobel K, Hirschfelder U, Hofmann E
Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics (Zahnklinik 3 - Kieferorthopädie), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glückstr. 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany,
J Orofac Orthop. 2014 Mar;75(2):133-43. doi: 10.1007/s00056-013-0201-9. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
The goal of the current work was to investigate the suitability of ten facial soft-tissue landmarks (trichion, glabella, nasion, left and right orbital, subnasal, left and right porion, pogonion, gnathion) as reference points for metric facial analysis by analyzing their intra- and interserial precision in all three dimensions.
The faces of 32 volunteers were scanned using a standardized protocol with a structured-light scanner (FaceSCAN(3D) Scientific Photolab 60 Hz; 3D Shape, Erlangen, Germany). Three examiners placed the landmarks twice within a 2-week interval. Image processing (Onyx Ceph(3); Image Instruments; Chemnitz, Germany) and statistical (SAS 9.2; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) software was used for analysis. All measurements were corrected for mean values per patient and analyzed for intraserial and interserial error by model II ANOVA for a simple classification with random effects.
Median intraserial precision was 0.40 mm (range 0.05-1.01 mm) overall, including 0.40 mm (0.33-0.85 mm) on the x-axis, 0.64 mm (0.36-0.87 mm) on the y-axis, and 0.27 mm (0.05-1.01 mm) on the z-axis. Interserial precision was substantially lower at a median of 0.05 mm (0-0.22 mm), often not statistically assessable with intraserial precision. We observed no landmark-associated differences; in particular, the medians of the bilateral landmarks orbital (intraserial: 0.40 mm; interserial: 0.02 mm) and porion (intraserial: 0.36 mm; interserial: small and not assessable) were in the middle of the range of our results. Trichion (intraserial: 0.73 mm; interserial: 0.05 mm) and gnathion (intraserial: 0.87 mm; interserial: 0.20 mm) revealed the highest degrees of intraserial measurement imprecision. Outliers were identified in 1.2% (64 of 5400) of measurements.
All selected landmarks offer suitably high levels of intra- and interserial precision for the three-dimensional (3D) metric assessment of facial soft-tissue parameters. No difference between (bi)lateral and facial midline landmarks was noted.
当前研究的目的是通过分析十个面部软组织标志点（发缘点、眉间点、鼻根点、左右眶点、鼻下点、左右耳点、颏前点、颌下点）在三个维度上的序列内和序列间精度，来研究其作为面部测量分析参考点的适用性。
使用结构化光扫描仪（FaceSCAN(3D) Scientific Photolab 60 Hz；德国埃尔朗根的3D Shape公司）按照标准化方案对32名志愿者的面部进行扫描。三名检查者在两周内对标志点进行两次定位。使用图像处理软件（Onyx Ceph(3)；德国开姆尼茨的Image Instruments公司）和统计软件（SAS 9.2；美国北卡罗来纳州卡里的SAS Institute公司）进行分析。所有测量值均校正为每位患者的平均值，并通过II型方差分析对简单随机效应分类的序列内和序列间误差进行分析。
总体序列内精度中位数为0.40毫米（范围0.05 - 1.01毫米），其中x轴上为0.40毫米（0.33 - 0.85毫米），y轴上为0.64毫米（0.36 - 0.87毫米），z轴上为0.27毫米（0.05 - 1.01毫米）。序列间精度显著更低，中位数为0.05毫米（0 - 0.22毫米），通常无法与序列内精度进行统计学评估。我们未观察到与标志点相关的差异；特别是，双侧标志点眶点（序列内：0.40毫米；序列间：0.02毫米）和耳点（序列内：0.36毫米；序列间：较小且无法评估）的中位数处于我们结果范围的中间。发缘点（序列内：0.73毫米；序列间：0.05毫米）和颌下点（序列内：0.87毫米；序列间：0.20毫米）显示出最高程度的序列内测量不精确性。在1.2%（5400次测量中的64次）的测量中识别出异常值。
所有选定的标志点为面部软组织参数的三维（3D）测量评估提供了足够高的序列内和序列间精度。未观察到（双）侧标志点与面部中线标志点之间的差异。
