Brabant Christian, Guarnieri Douglas J, Quertemont Etienne
Département de Psychologie, Cognition et Comportement, Université de Liège, Boulevard du Rectorat, 5/B-32, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
Department of Biology, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2014 Jul;122:37-52. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.006. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
In several animal species including humans, the acute administration of low doses of alcohol increases motor activity. Different theories have postulated that alcohol-induced hyperactivity is causally related to alcoholism. Moreover, a common biological mechanism in the mesolimbic dopamine system has been proposed to mediate the stimulant and motivational effects of alcohol. Numerous studies have examined whether alcohol-induced hyperactivity is related to alcoholism using a great variety of animal models and several animal species. However, there is no review that has summarized this extensive literature. In this article, we present the various experimental models that have been used to study the relationship between the stimulant and motivational effects of alcohol in rodents and primates. Furthermore, we discuss whether the theories hypothesizing a causal link between alcohol-induced hyperactivity and alcoholism are supported by published results. The reviewed findings indicate that animal species that are stimulated by alcohol also exhibit alcohol preference. Additionally, the role of dopamine in alcohol-induced hyperactivity is well established since blocking dopaminergic activity suppresses the stimulant effects of alcohol. However, dopamine transmission plays a much more complex function in the motivational properties of alcohol and the neuronal mechanisms involved in alcohol stimulation and reward are distinct. Overall, the current review provides mixed support for theories suggesting that the stimulant effects of alcohol are related to alcoholism and highlights the importance of animal models as a way to gain insight into alcoholism.
在包括人类在内的几种动物物种中，急性给予低剂量酒精会增加运动活性。不同的理论推测，酒精诱导的多动与酒精中毒存在因果关系。此外，有人提出中脑边缘多巴胺系统中的一种常见生物学机制可介导酒精的刺激和动机效应。许多研究使用了各种各样的动物模型和几种动物物种，来探究酒精诱导的多动是否与酒精中毒有关。然而，尚无综述对这一广泛的文献进行总结。在本文中，我们介绍了用于研究啮齿动物和灵长类动物中酒精的刺激和动机效应之间关系的各种实验模型。此外，我们讨论了假设酒精诱导的多动与酒精中毒之间存在因果联系的理论是否得到已发表结果的支持。综述结果表明，受酒精刺激的动物物种也表现出对酒精的偏好。此外，多巴胺在酒精诱导的多动中的作用已得到充分证实，因为阻断多巴胺能活性会抑制酒精的刺激作用。然而，多巴胺传递在酒精的动机特性中发挥着更为复杂的作用，并且涉及酒精刺激和奖赏的神经元机制是不同的。总体而言，当前的综述对表明酒精的刺激效应与酒精中毒有关的理论提供了不同程度的支持，并强调了动物模型作为深入了解酒精中毒的一种方式的重要性。
