Dir Allyson L, Bell Richard L, Adams Zachary W, Hulvershorn Leslie A
Department of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
Front Psychiatry. 2017 Dec 22;8:289. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00289. eCollection 2017.
Alcohol use, particularly binge drinking (BD), is a major public health concern among adolescents. Recent national data show that the gender gap in alcohol use is lessening, and BD among girls is rising. Considering the increase in BD among adolescent girls, as well as females' increased risk of experiencing more severe biopsychosocial negative effects and consequences from BD, the current review sought to examine gender differences in risk factors for BD. The review highlights gender differences in (1) developmental-related neurobiological vulnerability to BD, (2) psychiatric comorbidity and risk phenotypes for BD, and (3) social-related risk factors for BD among adolescents, as well as considerations for BD prevention and intervention. Most of the information gleaned thus far has come from preclinical research. However, it is expected that, with recent advances in clinical imaging technology, neurobiological effects observed in lower mammals will be confirmed in humans and . A synthesis of the literature highlights that males and females experience unique neurobiological paths of development, and although there is debate regarding the specific nature of these differences, literature suggests that these differences in turn influence gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity and risk for BD. For one, girls are more susceptible to stress, depression, and other internalizing behaviors and, in turn, these symptoms contribute to their risk for BD. On the other hand, males, given gender differences across the lifespan as well as gender differences in development, are driven by an externalizing phenotype for risk of BD, in part, due to unique paths of neurobiological development that occur across adolescence. With respect to social domains, although social and peer influences are important for both adolescent males and females, there are gender differences. For example, girls may be more sensitive to pressure from peers to fit in and impress others, while male gender role stereotypes regarding BD may be more of a risk factor for boys. Given these unique differences in male and female risk for BD, further research exploring risk factors, as well as tailoring intervention and prevention, is necessary. Although recent research has tailored substance use intervention to target males and females, more literature on gender considerations in treatment for prevention and intervention of BD in particular is warranted.
饮酒，尤其是暴饮（BD），是青少年群体中一个主要的公共卫生问题。近期的全国性数据显示，饮酒方面的性别差异正在缩小，且女孩中的暴饮现象呈上升趋势。鉴于青少年女孩中暴饮现象的增加，以及女性因暴饮而经历更严重的生物心理社会负面影响和后果的风险增加，本综述旨在研究暴饮风险因素中的性别差异。该综述强调了青少年在以下方面的性别差异：（1）与发育相关的对暴饮的神经生物学易感性；（2）暴饮的精神共病和风险表型；（3）与社会相关的暴饮风险因素，以及对暴饮预防和干预的考量。目前收集到的大部分信息来自临床前研究。然而，可以预期，随着临床成像技术的最新进展，在低等哺乳动物中观察到的神经生物学效应将在人类中得到证实，并且……文献综述强调，男性和女性经历独特的神经生物学发育路径，尽管对于这些差异的具体性质存在争议，但文献表明，这些差异反过来会影响精神共病中的性别差异以及暴饮风险。一方面，女孩更容易受到压力、抑郁和其他内化行为的影响，进而这些症状导致了她们的暴饮风险。另一方面，鉴于整个生命周期中的性别差异以及发育过程中的性别差异，男性因外化表型而面临暴饮风险，部分原因是青春期出现的独特神经生物学发育路径。在社会领域方面，尽管社会和同伴影响对青少年男性和女性都很重要，但存在性别差异。例如，女孩可能对来自同伴的融入和给他人留下印象的压力更敏感，而关于暴饮的男性性别角色刻板印象可能对男孩来说更是一个风险因素。鉴于男性和女性在暴饮风险方面存在这些独特差异，有必要进一步研究探索风险因素，并针对干预和预防进行调整。尽管最近的研究针对男性和女性对物质使用干预进行了调整，但尤其需要更多关于在暴饮预防和干预治疗中性别考量的文献。
