Ralston Ekaterina S, Trudeau Linda S, Spoth Richard
Int J Emot Educ. 2012 Apr;4(1):25-42.
The literature indicates that the quality of affective relationships between youth and parents is associated with lower levels of a range of problem behaviors during childhood, early and late adolescence. While the protective effect of parental monitoring on substance use in the high school and post high school years has been demonstrated, there is a knowledge gap concerning effects of parent-child affective quality (PCAQ) during the same periods. We tested a conceptual theoretical model to examine the effects of PCAQ on substance use following high school. The sample was from a RCT that assessed adolescents in rural Iowa from the seventh grade through two years after high school (N=456). We specified direct effects of PCAQ in 12th grade on drunkenness, smoking and illicit drug use during the two years immediately following high school graduation. We also specified the effects of early substance use initiation (alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use reported at baseline) on later use. The direct effect of PCAQ in 12th grade on substance use was significant for all substances during at least one of the two years past graduation (ypg). Results were: drunkenness 1 ypg, β=-.126, p<.05; smoking 1 ypg, β=-.119, p<.05; 2 ypg, β=-.146, p<.05; illicit drug use 2 ypg, β=-.165, p<.05. Some significant indirect effects of PCAQ at baseline, via PCAQ at 12th grade, were found. Results also indicated significant direct effects of early initiation on two of the three substances, albeit with a different pattern of effects over time for each substance by years post high school. Importantly, while early initiation remains the strongest predictor of long-term tobacco and illicit drug use, results show how PCAQ might reduce its harmful effects.
文献表明，青少年与父母之间情感关系的质量与儿童期、青少年早期和晚期一系列问题行为的较低发生率相关。虽然父母监督对高中及高中后阶段物质使用的保护作用已得到证实，但关于同期亲子情感质量（PCAQ）的影响仍存在知识空白。我们测试了一个概念理论模型，以检验PCAQ对高中后物质使用的影响。样本来自一项随机对照试验，该试验评估了爱荷华州农村地区从七年级到高中后两年的青少年（N = 456）。我们明确了十二年级时PCAQ对高中毕业后紧接着的两年内醉酒、吸烟和非法药物使用的直接影响。我们还明确了早期物质使用起始（基线时报告的酒精、烟草和大麻使用情况）对后期使用的影响。十二年级时PCAQ对物质使用的直接影响在毕业后的两年中至少一年对所有物质都具有显著意义（ypg）。结果如下：毕业一年后醉酒，β = -0.126，p < 0.05；毕业一年后吸烟，β = -0.119，p < 0.05；毕业两年后，β = -0.146，p < 0.05；毕业两年后非法药物使用，β = -0.165，p < 0.05。发现了基线时PCAQ通过十二年级时的PCAQ产生的一些显著间接影响。结果还表明，早期起始对三种物质中的两种具有显著直接影响，尽管每种物质在高中毕业后各年的影响模式不同。重要的是，虽然早期起始仍然是长期烟草和非法药物使用的最强预测因素，但结果显示了PCAQ如何可能减少其有害影响。
