Hallers-Haalboom Elizabeth T, Mesman Judi, Groeneveld Marleen G, Endendijk Joyce J, van Berkel Sheila R, van der Pol Lotte D, Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J
Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University.
J Fam Psychol. 2014 Apr;28(2):138-47. doi: 10.1037/a0036004. Epub 2014 Mar 17.
Most studies on early childhood parenting include only mothers. Fathers are rarely observed in interaction with their young children, although they play an important role in the socialization of their children. In this study, we observed parenting of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters in families with two children, using a within-family approach in a sample with systematically varying family constellations. Participants included 389 families with two children (1 and 3 years of age). Parenting practices were coded during free play using the Emotional Availability Scales (Biringen, 2008). Findings revealed that mothers showed higher levels of sensitivity and lower levels of intrusiveness toward their children than fathers. Furthermore, mothers and fathers were more sensitive and less intrusive toward their oldest child than toward their youngest child. Fathers' higher intrusiveness toward the youngest child was only found in the case of a youngest boy. Child gender was not related to parenting in any of the other analyses. Our results suggest that parent gender is more salient than child gender in the prediction of parenting practices in early childhood.
大多数关于幼儿养育的研究仅纳入了母亲。尽管父亲在孩子的社会化过程中发挥着重要作用，但很少有研究观察父亲与年幼子女的互动情况。在本研究中，我们采用家庭内部研究方法，对具有不同家庭结构的样本中的两个孩子家庭里母亲和父亲对儿子和女儿的养育情况进行了观察。参与者包括389个有两个孩子（1岁和3岁）的家庭。在自由玩耍期间，使用情感可及性量表（比林根，2008年）对养育行为进行编码。研究结果显示，与父亲相比，母亲对孩子表现出更高水平的敏感性和更低水平的侵扰性。此外，母亲和父亲对最大孩子的敏感性更高，侵扰性更低。父亲对最小孩子的较高侵扰性仅在最小孩子为男孩的情况下被发现。在其他任何分析中，孩子的性别与养育方式均无关联。我们的研究结果表明，在预测幼儿养育行为方面，父母的性别比孩子的性别更为显著。
