Clausen H, Hakomori S
Biomembrane Institute, University of Washington, Seattle.
Vox Sang. 1989;56(1):1-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1989.tb03040.x.
This review summarizes present knowledge of the chemistry of histo-blood group ABH and related antigens. Recent advances in analytical carbohydrate chemistry (particularly mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy) and the introduction of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) have made it possible to distinguish structural variants of histo-blood group ABH antigens. Polymorphism of ABH antigens is induced by: (i) variations in peripheral core structure, of which four (type 1, 2, 3 and 4) are known in man; (ii) variation in inner core by branching process (blood group iI), leading to variation of unbranched vs. branched ABH determinants; (iii) biosynthetic interaction with other glycosyltransferases (Lewis, P. T/Tn blood systems) capable of acting on the same substrate as the ABH-defined transferases, and finally (iv) the nature of the glycoconjugate (glycolipid, glycoprotein of N- or O-linked type). ABH variants induced by item (i) above have been clearly distinguished qualitatively by MoAbs; e.g., at least six types of A determinants can be distinguished by qualitatively different classes of antibody. The variants induced by item (ii) create mono- vs. bivalent antigens which may be responsible for observed differences in antibody-binding affinity. Detailed studies of the chemistry of these antigens have increased our insight into blood groups, providing the basis for blood group iI and A subgrouping, as well as a relation between the ABH and Lewis, P, and T/Tn systems. A survey of the literature on distribution patterns of ABH variants is presented. It has been assumed that expression of histo-blood group antigens is developmentally regulated. Relationships between histo-blood group expression, development, differentiation and maturation, as well as malignant transformation, are discussed.
本综述总结了目前关于组织血型ABH及相关抗原化学性质的知识。分析碳水化合物化学（特别是质谱和核磁共振光谱）的最新进展以及单克隆抗体（MoAbs）的引入，使得区分组织血型ABH抗原的结构变体成为可能。ABH抗原的多态性是由以下因素引起的：（i）外周核心结构的变化，人类已知有四种（1型、2型、3型和4型）；（ii）通过分支过程（血型iI）导致内核变化，从而使未分支与分支的ABH决定簇发生变化；（iii）与其他糖基转移酶（Lewis、P、T/Tn血型系统）的生物合成相互作用，这些酶能够作用于与ABH定义的转移酶相同的底物，最后（iv）糖缀合物（糖脂、N-或O-连接型糖蛋白）的性质。上述（i）项引起的ABH变体已通过单克隆抗体在质量上得到明确区分；例如，至少六种类型的A决定簇可通过性质不同的抗体类别来区分。（ii）项引起的变体产生单价与双价抗原，这可能是观察到的抗体结合亲和力差异的原因。对这些抗原化学性质的详细研究加深了我们对血型的理解，为血型iI和A亚群分类以及ABH与Lewis、P和T/Tn系统之间的关系提供了基础。本文还介绍了关于ABH变体分布模式的文献综述。人们认为组织血型抗原的表达受发育调控。文中还讨论了组织血型表达、发育、分化和成熟以及恶性转化之间的关系。
