Behavioural Genetics Group, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
Front Neuroendocrinol. 2014 Aug;35(3):331-46. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.003. Epub 2014 Mar 26.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental condition characterised by severe inattention, pathological impulsivity and hyperactivity; it is relatively common affecting up to 6% of children, and is associated with a risk of long-term adverse educational and social consequences. Males are considerably more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than females; the course of the disorder and its associated co-morbidities also appear to be sensitive to sex. Here, I discuss fundamental biological (genetic and endocrine) mechanisms that have been shown to, or could theoretically, contribute towards these sexually dimorphic phenomena. Greater understanding of how and why the sexes differ with respect to ADHD vulnerability should allow us to identify and characterise novel protective and risk factors for the disorder, and should ultimately facilitate improved diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种以严重注意力不集中、病理性冲动和多动为特征的发育状况；它比较常见，影响多达 6%的儿童，并且与长期不良的教育和社会后果相关。男性被诊断为 ADHD 的可能性明显高于女性；该疾病的病程及其相关合并症似乎也对性别敏感。在这里，我讨论了已经证明或理论上可以导致这些性别二态现象的基本生物学（遗传和内分泌）机制。更好地了解男女在 ADHD 易感性方面的差异方式和原因，应该使我们能够识别和描述该疾病的新的保护和风险因素，并最终有助于改善诊断、预后和治疗。
