John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA,
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;811:19-43. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-8739-0_2.
The high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles usually results in highly reactive and colloidal instability compared to their bulk counterparts. Aggregation as well as many other transformations (e.g., dissolution) in the environment may alter the physiochemical properties, reactivity, fate, transport, and biological interactions (e.g., bioavailability and uptake) of nanoparticles. The unique properties pertinent to nanoparticles, such as shape, size, surface characteristics, composition, and electronic structures, greatly challenge the ability of colloid science to understand nanoparticle aggregation and its environmental impacts. This review briefly introduces fundamentals about aggregation, fractal dimensions, classic and extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeak (DLVO) theories, aggregation kinetic modeling, experimental measurements, followed by detailed discussions on the major factors on aggregation and subsequent effects on nanomaterial transport and reactivity.
与体相比，纳米粒子的高表面积与体积比通常导致其具有高度反应性和胶体不稳定性。聚集以及环境中的许多其他转化（例如溶解）可能会改变纳米粒子的物理化学性质、反应性、命运、迁移和生物相互作用（例如生物可利用性和摄取）。与纳米粒子相关的独特性质，如形状、大小、表面特性、组成和电子结构，极大地挑战了胶体科学理解纳米粒子聚集及其环境影响的能力。本综述简要介绍了关于聚集、分形维数、经典和扩展的德加古因-兰德au-Verwey-Overbeak (DLVO) 理论、聚集动力学建模、实验测量的基本原理，然后详细讨论了影响聚集的主要因素以及对纳米材料迁移和反应性的后续影响。
