Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 May;99(5 Suppl):1235S-42S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.073015. Epub 2014 Apr 2.
Dairy products contribute important nutrients to our diet, including energy, calcium, protein, and other micro- and macronutrients. However, dairy products can be high in saturated fats, and dietary guidelines generally recommend reducing the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to reduce coronary artery disease (CAD). Recent studies question the role of SFAs in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and have found that substitution of SFAs in the diet with omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids abundant in vegetable oils can, in fact, lead to an increased risk of death from CAD and CVD, unless they are balanced with n-3 polyunsaturated fat. Replacing SFAs with carbohydrates with a high glycemic index is also associated with a higher risk of CAD. Paradoxically, observational studies indicate that the consumption of milk or dairy products is inversely related to incidence of CVD. The consumption of dairy products has been suggested to ameliorate characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, which encompasses a cluster of risk factors including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, increased blood pressure, and abdominal obesity, which together markedly increase the risk of diabetes and CVD. Dairy products, such as cheese, do not exert the negative effects on blood lipids as predicted solely by the content of saturated fat. Calcium and other bioactive components may modify the effects on LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Apart from supplying valuable dairy nutrients, yogurt may also exert beneficial probiotic effects. The consumption of yogurt, and other dairy products, in observational studies is associated with a reduced risk of weight gain and obesity as well as of CVD, and these findings are, in part, supported by randomized trials.
乳制品为我们的饮食提供了重要的营养物质，包括能量、钙、蛋白质和其他微量及常量营养素。然而，乳制品可能含有较高的饱和脂肪，饮食指南通常建议减少饱和脂肪酸（SFA）的摄入量，以降低冠心病（CAD）的风险。最近的研究对 SFA 在心血管疾病（CVD）中的作用提出了质疑，并发现用富含植物油的ω-6（n-6）多不饱和脂肪酸替代饮食中的 SFA，实际上会增加因 CAD 和 CVD 而死亡的风险，除非与 n-3 多不饱和脂肪平衡。用高血糖指数的碳水化合物替代 SFA 也与 CAD 风险增加有关。矛盾的是，观察性研究表明，牛奶或乳制品的消费与 CVD 的发病率呈负相关。有人提出，摄入乳制品可以改善代谢综合征的特征，代谢综合征包括一组危险因素，包括血脂异常、胰岛素抵抗、血压升高和腹部肥胖，这些因素共同显著增加糖尿病和 CVD 的风险。奶酪等乳制品对血液脂质的影响并不像仅根据饱和脂肪含量预测的那样负面。钙和其他生物活性成分可能会改变对 LDL 胆固醇和甘油三酯的影响。除了提供有价值的乳制品营养成分外，酸奶还可能发挥有益的益生菌作用。在观察性研究中，酸奶和其他乳制品的消费与体重增加和肥胖以及 CVD 风险降低有关，这些发现部分得到了随机试验的支持。
