Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
Chem Soc Rev. 2014 Nov 21;43(22):7681-717. doi: 10.1039/c3cs60435g.
Alternative energy technologies are greatly hindered by significant limitations in materials science. From low activity to poor stability, and from mineral scarcity to high cost, the current materials are not able to cope with the significant challenges of clean energy technologies. However, recent advances in the preparation of nanomaterials, porous solids, and nanostructured solids are providing hope in the race for a better, cleaner energy production. The present contribution critically reviews the development and role of mesoporosity in a wide range of technologies, as this provides for critical improvements in accessibility, the dispersion of the active phase and a higher surface area. Relevant examples of the development of mesoporosity by a wide range of techniques are provided, including the preparation of hierarchical structures with pore systems in different scale ranges. Mesoporosity plays a significant role in catalysis, especially in the most challenging processes where bulky molecules, like those obtained from biomass or highly unreactive species, such as CO2 should be transformed into most valuable products. Furthermore, mesoporous materials also play a significant role as electrodes in fuel and solar cells and in thermoelectric devices, technologies which are benefiting from improved accessibility and a better dispersion of materials with controlled porosity.
替代能源技术受到材料科学重大限制的极大阻碍。从低活性到差的稳定性，从矿物稀缺到高成本，当前的材料都无法应对清洁能源技术的重大挑战。然而，纳米材料、多孔固体和纳米结构固体的制备方面的最新进展为更好、更清洁的能源生产提供了希望。本贡献批判性地回顾了介孔在广泛技术中的发展和作用，因为这为可及性、活性相的分散和更高的表面积提供了关键的改进。提供了广泛技术制备介孔的相关实例，包括在不同尺度范围内制备具有孔系统的分级结构。介孔在催化中起着重要作用，特别是在最具挑战性的过程中，需要将大体积分子（如生物质获得的那些分子或高反应性的物质，如 CO2）转化为最有价值的产品。此外，介孔材料作为燃料电池和太阳能电池以及热电设备中的电极也具有重要作用，这些技术受益于可及性的提高和具有控制孔隙率的材料的更好分散。
