Knapik Joseph J, East Whitfield B
US Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.
US Army Med Dep J. 2014 Apr-Jun:5-19.
This article traces the history of US Army physical fitness assessments from the first test developed for Cadets at the US Military Academy in 1858 through efforts to revise the current Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT). The first "Individual Efficiency Test" (1920) for all Soldiers consisted of a 100-yard run, running broad jump, wall climb, hand grenade throw, and obstacle course. The first scientific efforts involved testing of 400 Soldiers and a factor analysis of 25 individual test items. In 1944, this resulted in a 7-item test (pull-up, burpee, squat jump, push-up, man-carry, sit-up and 300-yard run) with a 100-point scoring system. In 1943, women were encouraged to take a "self-assessment" consisting of push-ups, bent knee sit-ups, wing lifts, squat thrusts, running, and a stork stand. In 1946, age-adjusted standards were introduced and in 1965 semiannual fitness assessments were mandated. The number of tests proliferated in the 1969-1973 period with 7 separate assessments. The current APFT consisting of push-ups, sit-ups, and a 2-mile run was introduced in 1980 and alternative tests for those with physical limitations in 1982. Current efforts to revise the assessment involve systematic literature reviews and validating the relationship between test items and common Soldiering tasks.
本文追溯了美国陆军体能评估的历史，从1858年为美国军事学院学员开发的首次测试，到修订当前陆军体能测试（APFT）所做的努力。1920年面向所有士兵的首次“个人效能测试”包括100码跑、立定跳远、爬墙、手榴弹投掷和障碍跑。最初的科学研究涉及对400名士兵进行测试，并对25个单项测试项目进行因素分析。1944年，这导致了一项包含7个项目的测试（引体向上、波比跳、深蹲跳、俯卧撑、搬运、仰卧起坐和300码跑）以及一个100分的评分系统。1943年，鼓励女性进行一项“自我评估”，包括俯卧撑、屈膝仰卧起坐、翼展提升、深蹲跳、跑步和鹤立。1946年引入了年龄调整标准，1965年规定每半年进行一次体能评估。在1969年至1973年期间，测试数量激增，共有7项单独评估。1980年引入了目前由俯卧撑、仰卧起坐和2英里跑组成的APFT，并于1982年为身体有局限的人提供了替代测试。目前修订评估的工作包括系统的文献综述以及验证测试项目与常见军事任务之间的关系。
