Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
Braz J Infect Dis. 2014 Sep-Oct;18(5):535-43. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.12.006. Epub 2014 Apr 13.
The human hepatitis B virus causes acute and chronic hepatitis and is considered one of the most serious human health issues by the World Health Organization, causing thousands of deaths per year. There are similar viruses belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family that infect non-human primates and other mammals as well as some birds. The majority of non-human primate virus isolates were phylogenetically close to the human hepatitis B virus, but like the human genotypes, the origins of these viruses remain controversial. However, there is a possibility that human hepatitis B virus originated in primates. Knowing whether these viruses might be common to humans and primates is crucial in order to reduce the risk to humans.
To review the existing knowledge about the evolutionary origins of viruses of the Hepadnaviridae family in primates.
This review was done by reading several articles that provide information about the Hepadnaviridae virus family in non-human primates and humans and the possible origins and evolution of these viruses.
The evolutionary origin of viruses of the Hepadnaviridae family in primates has been dated back to several thousand years; however, recent analyses of genomic fossils of avihepadnaviruses integrated into the genomes of several avian species have suggested a much older origin of this genus.
Some hypotheses about the evolutionary origins of human hepatitis B virus have been debated since the '90s. One theory suggested a New World origin because of the phylogenetic co-segregation between some New World human hepatitis B virus genotypes F and H and woolly monkey human hepatitis B virus in basal sister-relationship to the Old World non-human primates and human hepatitis B virus variants. Another theory suggests an Old World origin of human hepatitis B virus, and that it would have been spread following prehistoric human migrations over 100,000 years ago. A third theory suggests a co-speciation of human hepatitis B virus in non-human primate hosts because of the proximity between the phylogeny of Old and New World non-human primate and their human hepatitis B virus variants. The importance of further research, related to the subject in South American wild fauna, is paramount and highly relevant for understanding the origin of human hepatitis B virus.
乙型肝炎病毒会导致急性和慢性肝炎，被世界卫生组织视为最严重的人类健康问题之一，每年导致数千人死亡。该病毒属于嗜肝 DNA 病毒科，同样会感染非人类灵长类动物和其他哺乳动物以及一些鸟类。大多数非人类灵长类动物的病毒分离株在系统发生上与人类乙型肝炎病毒密切相关，但与人类基因型一样，这些病毒的起源仍存在争议。然而，人类乙型肝炎病毒可能起源于灵长类动物。了解这些病毒是否可能在人类和灵长类动物中普遍存在对于降低人类感染风险至关重要。
综述嗜肝 DNA 病毒科病毒在灵长类动物中的进化起源的现有知识。
通过阅读几篇提供有关非人类灵长类动物和人类中嗜肝 DNA 病毒科病毒以及这些病毒可能起源和进化的信息的文章，进行了本次综述。
灵长类动物中的嗜肝 DNA 病毒科病毒的进化起源可以追溯到几千年前；然而，最近对整合到几种鸟类基因组中的甲型肝炎病毒基因组化石的分析表明，该属的起源要早得多。
自 20 世纪 90 年代以来，人们一直在争论人类乙型肝炎病毒进化起源的一些假设。一种理论认为乙型肝炎病毒起源于新世界，因为一些新世界人类乙型肝炎病毒基因型 F 和 H 与旧世界非人类灵长类动物和人类乙型肝炎病毒变体在进化上密切相关的绒毛猴乙型肝炎病毒在系统发生上是共分离的。另一种理论认为乙型肝炎病毒起源于旧世界，它是在 10 万年前人类史前迁徙中传播开来的。还有一种理论认为乙型肝炎病毒与非人类灵长类动物宿主是共同进化的，因为旧世界和新世界非人类灵长类动物及其人类乙型肝炎病毒变体的系统发育非常接近。进一步研究与南美洲野生动物群中相关主题的重要性至关重要，这对于了解人类乙型肝炎病毒的起源具有重要意义。
