Early impairment of skeletal muscle endothelial glycocalyx barrier properties in diet-induced obesity in mice.

While previous studies have indicated an important role for the endothelial glycocalyx in regulation of microvascular function, it was recently shown that acute enzymatic glycocalyx degradation in rats was associated with an impaired insulin-mediated glucose disposal. The aim of this study was to determine whether glycocalyx damage in skeletal muscle occurs at an early stage of diet-induced obesity (DIO). The microcirculation of the hindlimb muscle of anesthetized C57Bl/6 mice, fed chow (CON) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 and 18 weeks (w), respectively, was visualized with a Sidestream Dark-Field camera, and glycocalyx barrier properties were derived from the calculated perfused boundary region (PBR). Subsequently, an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed and the area under the curve (AUC) of blood glucose was calculated. Impairment of glycocalyx barrier properties was already apparent after 6 weeks of HFD and remained after 18 weeks of HFD (PBR [in μm]: 0.81 ± 0.03 in CON_6w vs. 0.97 ± 0.04 in HFD_6w and 1.02 ± 0.07 in HFD_18w [both P < 0.05]). Glucose intolerance appeared to develop more slowly (AUC [in mmol/L × 120 min]: 989 ± 61 in CON_6w vs. 1204 ± 89 in HFD_6w [P = 0.11] and 1468 ± 84 in HFD_18w [P < 0.05]) than the impairment of glycocalyx barrier properties. The data indicate that damage to the endothelial glycocalyx is an early event in DIO. It is suggested that glycocalyx damage may contribute to the development of insulin resistance in obesity.