Dallas David C, Underwood Mark A, Zivkovic Angela M, German J Bruce
Department of Food Science, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA ; Foods for Health Institute, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Foods for Health Institute, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, 2315 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
J Nutr Disord Ther. 2012 Apr 23;2(3):112. doi: 10.4172/2161-0509.1000112.
Premature birth rates and premature infant morbidity remain discouragingly high. Improving nourishment for these infants is the key for accelerating their development and decreasing disease risk. Dietary protein is essential for growth and development of infants. Studies on protein nourishment for premature infants have focused on protein requirements for catch-up growth, nitrogen balance, and digestive protease concentrations and activities. However, little is known about the processes and products of protein digestion in the premature infant. This review briefly summarizes the protein requirements of term and preterm infants, and the protein content of milk from women delivering preterm and at term. An in-depth review is presented of the current knowledge of term and preterm infant dietary protein digestion, including human milk protease and anti-protease concentrations; neonatal intestinal pH, and enzyme activities and concentrations; and protein fermentation by intestinal bacteria. The advantages and disadvantages of incomplete protein digestion as well as factors that increase resistance to proteolysis of particular proteins are discussed. In order to better understand protein digestion in preterm and term infants, future studies should examine protein and peptide fragment products of digestion in saliva, gastric, intestinal and fecal samples, as well as the effects of the gut micro biome on protein degradation. The confluence of new mass spectrometry technology and new bioinformatics programs will now allow thorough identification of the array of peptides produced in the infant as they are digested.
早产率和早产儿发病率仍然高得令人沮丧。改善这些婴儿的营养是加速其发育和降低疾病风险的关键。膳食蛋白质对婴儿的生长发育至关重要。关于早产儿蛋白质营养的研究主要集中在追赶生长的蛋白质需求、氮平衡以及消化蛋白酶的浓度和活性上。然而，对于早产儿蛋白质消化的过程和产物却知之甚少。本综述简要总结了足月儿和早产儿的蛋白质需求，以及早产和足月分娩女性乳汁中的蛋白质含量。深入综述了目前关于足月儿和早产儿膳食蛋白质消化的知识，包括人乳蛋白酶和抗蛋白酶的浓度；新生儿肠道pH值、酶活性和浓度；以及肠道细菌的蛋白质发酵。讨论了不完全蛋白质消化的优缺点以及增加特定蛋白质对蛋白水解抗性的因素。为了更好地理解早产儿和足月儿的蛋白质消化，未来的研究应该检测唾液、胃、肠道和粪便样本中蛋白质和肽片段的消化产物，以及肠道微生物群对蛋白质降解的影响。新的质谱技术和新的生物信息学程序的结合现在将能够彻底鉴定婴儿消化过程中产生的一系列肽。
