Heiphetz Larisa, Spelke Elizabeth S, Harris Paul L, Banaji Mahzarin R
Boston College, Department of Psychology, 140 Commonwealth Ave., Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, United States.
Harvard University, Department of Psychology, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
Cogn Dev. 2014 Apr 1;30(April - June 2014):15-29. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2013.12.002.
Children and adults differentiate statements of religious belief from statements of fact and opinion, but the basis of that differentiation remains unclear. Across three experiments, adults and 8-10-year-old children heard statements of factual, opinion-based, and religious belief. Adults and children judged that statements of factual belief revealed more about the world, statements of opinion revealed more about individuals, and statements of religious belief provided information about both. Children-unlike adults-judged that statements of religious belief revealed more about the world than the believer. These results led to three conclusions. First, judgments concerning the relative amount of information statements of religious belief provide about individuals change across development, perhaps because adults have more experience with diversity. Second, recognizing that statements of religious belief provide information about both the world and the believer does not require protracted learning. Third, statements of religious belief are interpreted as amalgams of factual and opinion-based statements.
儿童和成年人能够区分宗教信仰陈述与事实陈述和观点陈述，但其区分依据尚不清楚。在三项实验中，成年人和8至10岁的儿童听取了事实性、观点性和宗教信仰的陈述。成年人和儿童判断，事实性信仰陈述更多地揭示了世界，观点性陈述更多地揭示了个人，而宗教信仰陈述则提供了关于两者的信息。与成年人不同，儿童判断宗教信仰陈述比信徒本人更多地揭示了世界。这些结果得出了三个结论。第一，关于宗教信仰陈述为个人提供的信息相对数量的判断在整个发展过程中会发生变化，这可能是因为成年人有更多的多样性体验。第二，认识到宗教信仰陈述既提供了关于世界的信息，也提供了关于信徒的信息并不需要长期学习。第三，宗教信仰陈述被解释为事实性陈述和观点性陈述的混合体。
