Fiore Stephen M, Wiltshire Travis J, Oglesby James M, O'Keefe William S, Salas Eduardo
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2014 Apr;85(4):456-61. doi: 10.3357/asem.3819.2014.
NASA's Mission Control Center (MCC) is responsible for control of the International Space Station (ISS), which includes responding to problems that obstruct the functioning of the ISS and that may pose a threat to the health and well-being of the flight crew. These problems are often complex, requiring individuals, teams, and multiteam systems, to work collaboratively. Research is warranted to examine individual and collaborative problem-solving processes in this context. Specifically, focus is placed on how Mission Control personnel-each with their own skills and responsibilities-exchange information to gain a shared understanding of the problem. The Macrocognition in Teams Model describes the processes that individuals and teams undertake in order to solve problems and may be applicable to Mission Control teams.
Semistructured interviews centering on a recent complex problem were conducted with seven MCC professionals. In order to assess collaborative problem-solving processes in MCC with those predicted by the Macrocognition in Teams Model, a coding scheme was developed to analyze the interview transcriptions.
Findings are supported with excerpts from participant transcriptions and suggest that team knowledge-building processes accounted for approximately 50% of all coded data and are essential for successful collaborative problem solving in mission control. Support for the internalized and externalized team knowledge was also found (19% and 20%, respectively).
The Macrocognition in Teams Model was shown to be a useful depiction of collaborative problem solving in mission control and further research with this as a guiding framework is warranted.
美国国家航空航天局任务控制中心（MCC）负责控制国际空间站（ISS），这包括应对阻碍国际空间站运行且可能对机组人员健康和福祉构成威胁的问题。这些问题通常很复杂，需要个人、团队以及多团队系统协同工作。有必要开展研究以考察在此背景下的个人及协作式问题解决过程。具体而言，重点在于任务控制人员（每个人都有各自的技能和职责）如何交换信息以达成对问题的共同理解。团队中的宏观认知模型描述了个人和团队为解决问题所采取的过程，可能适用于任务控制团队。
对七名MCC专业人员进行了以近期一个复杂问题为中心的半结构化访谈。为了将MCC中的协作式问题解决过程与团队中的宏观认知模型所预测的过程进行评估对比，开发了一种编码方案来分析访谈记录。
研究结果得到了参与者访谈记录片段的支持，表明团队知识构建过程约占所有编码数据的50%，对于任务控制中成功的协作式问题解决至关重要。还发现了对团队内化知识和外化知识的支持（分别占19%和20%）。
团队中的宏观认知模型被证明是对任务控制中协作式问题解决的一种有用描述，有必要以其作为指导框架开展进一步研究。
