J Soc Psychol. 2014 Mar-Apr;154(2):155-74. doi: 10.1080/00224545.2013.874326.
It has been long established that interpersonal communication underpins the existence of cultural stereotypes. However, research has either examined the formation of new or the maintenance of existing stereotypes. In a series of three studies, the present research bridges the gap between these phases by showing that newly formed stereotypes can spread through repeated dyadic communication with others. The stereotypic representation arose due to the audience tuning in to communication to a first audience. Further transmission to two types of subsequent audiences was simulated: a newcomer and an old-timer with an unknown attitude towards the target. A "saying-is-repeating" effect was obtained: the stereotypic representation was invariably transmitted to the newcomer, regardless of whether communicators personally believed in the bias; perceived group-level consensus moderated its transmission to the old-timer. These findings demonstrate that once a stereotypic representation is formed, it is likely to spread in a community and potentially become a cultural stereotype.
长期以来，人们一直认为人际沟通是文化刻板印象存在的基础。然而，研究要么考察了新刻板印象的形成，要么考察了现有刻板印象的维持。在一系列的三项研究中，本研究通过表明新形成的刻板印象可以通过与他人的反复二元沟通传播来弥合这些阶段之间的差距。刻板印象的出现是由于观众在与第一观众进行沟通时调整了自己的注意力。随后模拟了两种类型的后续观众的进一步传播：一个是新来者，一个是对目标有未知态度的老熟人。我们得到了一个“说即重复”的效果：刻板印象的表现总是传递给新来者，而不管传播者个人是否相信这种偏见；感知到的群体层面共识调节了其向老熟人的传播。这些发现表明，一旦形成了刻板印象，它很可能在社区中传播，并有可能成为一种文化刻板印象。
