Frey Renato, Hertwig Ralph, Rieskamp Jörg
Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
Cognition. 2014 Jul;132(1):90-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.009. Epub 2014 Apr 24.
Before making decisions, people often need to explore their environment to learn about initially uncertain outcomes. To date, it remains unknown to what extent a person's emotional state shapes exploration in such decisions from experience. It has been suggested that fear regulates people's informational interface with the external world through its physiological expression (e.g., a more effective sampling of the visual field from widened eyes). We investigated whether-as suggested by appraisal tendency theories of emotions-the "emotional feeling" of fear triggers analogous changes in exploration, in terms of increased information sampling in decisions from experience. In two studies, one with naturally occurring emotional states and one with induced emotional states, we found that fearful (relative to happy) people sampled substantially more information before making a final choice. These different degrees of exploration influenced the experience of rarity and, in turn, final choices. We discuss the extent to which increased information acquisition is adaptive.
在做出决策之前，人们通常需要探索周围环境，以了解最初不确定的结果。迄今为止，人们的情绪状态在多大程度上影响这种基于经验的决策中的探索行为仍不清楚。有人提出，恐惧通过其生理表现（例如，睁大眼睛更有效地对视野进行采样）来调节人们与外部世界的信息交互。我们研究了——正如情绪评估倾向理论所暗示的那样——恐惧的“情绪感受”是否会在基于经验的决策中，通过增加信息采样，引发探索行为的类似变化。在两项研究中，一项研究涉及自然发生的情绪状态，另一项研究涉及诱发的情绪状态，我们发现，恐惧的人（相对于快乐的人）在做出最终选择之前会采样更多的信息。这些不同程度的探索影响了对稀有性的体验，进而影响了最终选择。我们讨论了增加信息获取在多大程度上具有适应性。
