Arnolds Kathleen L, Spencer Juliet V
Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94403, United States.
Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94403, United States.
Infect Genet Evol. 2014 Jul;25:146-56. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.04.018. Epub 2014 May 2.
Viruses are dependent on their hosts for replication and dispersal in the environment; thus, the most successful viruses are those that co-evolve with their hosts. CXCR4 is a cellular chemokine receptor that plays central roles in development, hematopoiesis, and immune surveillance through signaling induced by its ligand, CXCL12. The CXCR4-CXCL12 axis has been besieged by many pathogens that employ a range of strategies to modify or exploit CXCR4 activity. While CXCR4 was identified as a critical co-factor for entry of HIV into CD4+ T cells early on, other viruses may utilize CXCR4 to gain cell entry as well. Moreover, several viruses have been found to modulate CXCR4 expression or alter its functional activity, with direct effects on cell trafficking, immune responses, cell proliferation, and cell survival. Because CXCR4 is targeted by a diverse group of viral pathogens, modification of host CXCR4 signaling activity is emerging as a common theme in virus persistence and is likely to be important for subversion of the host immune system. This review highlights major viral pathogens that use and abuse CXCR4 and explores the possible reasons why this chemokine receptor has become "a virus's best friend".
病毒在环境中的复制和传播依赖于其宿主；因此，最成功的病毒是那些与其宿主共同进化的病毒。CXCR4是一种细胞趋化因子受体，通过其配体CXCL12诱导的信号传导，在发育、造血和免疫监视中发挥核心作用。CXCR4 - CXCL12轴受到许多病原体的围攻，这些病原体采用一系列策略来改变或利用CXCR4的活性。虽然CXCR4早期就被确定为HIV进入CD4 + T细胞的关键辅助因子，但其他病毒也可能利用CXCR4进入细胞。此外，已发现几种病毒可调节CXCR4的表达或改变其功能活性，直接影响细胞迁移、免疫反应、细胞增殖和细胞存活。由于CXCR4是多种病毒病原体的靶点，宿主CXCR4信号活性的改变正在成为病毒持续存在的一个共同主题，并且可能对宿主免疫系统的颠覆很重要。这篇综述重点介绍了利用和滥用CXCR4的主要病毒病原体，并探讨了这种趋化因子受体成为“病毒最好的朋友”的可能原因。
