Martin Nicole G, Maza Lindey, McGrath Savannah J, Phelps Amber E
Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States.
Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States.
Infant Behav Dev. 2014 Aug;37(3):286-97. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.04.009. Epub 2014 May 8.
Referential specificity and affect specificity were examined in 12- to 14-month-olds (n=20), and 16- to 18-month-olds (n=20). Infants were presented with a televised social referencing paradigm involving an actress who emoted a simple descriptive message to one of two objects appearing on the video. The actress altered her affective message using a neutral baseline first, followed by 5 discrete emotions (anger, fear, sadness, happiness, surprise). Infants were given 30s to interact with the objects after watching the affective episode. Older infants demonstrated referential and affect specificity, as evidenced by their differential treatment of the target and distracter toy in response to messages of anger, fear, surprise, and happiness. In contrast, the younger infants did not show evidence of either referential or affect specificity, as evidenced by the lack of differentiation in their treatment of the target and distracter toy in response to positive and negative emotional messages across all emotional episodes.
对12至14个月大（n = 20）和16至18个月大（n = 20）的婴儿进行了参照特异性和情感特异性研究。向婴儿呈现了一种电视社交参照范式，其中有一位女演员对视频中出现的两个物体之一表达了一个简单的描述性信息。女演员首先使用中性基线改变她的情感信息，随后是5种离散情绪（愤怒、恐惧、悲伤、快乐、惊讶）。婴儿在观看情感情节后有30秒时间与物体互动。年龄较大的婴儿表现出参照特异性和情感特异性，这体现在他们对愤怒、恐惧、惊讶和快乐信息的反应中对目标玩具和干扰玩具的不同对待上。相比之下，年龄较小的婴儿没有表现出参照特异性或情感特异性的证据，这体现在他们在所有情感情节中对正面和负面情绪信息的反应中对目标玩具和干扰玩具的处理缺乏差异。
