Paillard Aurore C, Quarck Gaëlle, Denise Pierre
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2014 May;85(5):563-7. doi: 10.3357/asem.3735.2014.
Spatial disorientation is defined as an erroneous body orientation perceived by pilots during flights. Limits of the vestibular system provoke frequent spatial disorientation mishaps. Although vestibular spatial disorientation is experienced frequently in aviation, there is no intuitive countermeasure against spatial disorientation mishaps to date. The aim of this review is to describe the current sensorial countermeasures and to examine future leads in sensorial ergonomics for vestibular spatial disorientation. This work reviews: 1) the visual ergonomics, 2) the vestibular countermeasures, 3) the auditory displays, 4) the somatosensory countermeasures, and, finally, 5) the multisensory displays. This review emphasizes the positive aspects of auditory and somatosensory countermeasures as well as multisensory devices. Even if some aspects such as sensory conflict and motion sickness need to be assessed, these countermeasures should be taken into consideration for ergonomics work in the future. However, a recent development in aviation might offer new and better perspectives: unmanned aerial vehicles. Unmanned aerial vehicles aim to go beyond the physiological boundaries of human sensorial systems and would allow for coping with spatial disorientation and motion sickness. Even if research is necessary to improve the interaction between machines and humans, this recent development might be incredibly useful for decreasing or even stopping vestibular spatial disorientation.
空间定向障碍被定义为飞行员在飞行过程中感知到的身体定向错误。前庭系统的局限性引发了频繁的空间定向障碍事故。尽管前庭空间定向障碍在航空领域经常出现，但迄今为止，针对空间定向障碍事故尚无直观的应对措施。本综述的目的是描述当前的感官应对措施，并探讨前庭空间定向障碍在感官人体工程学方面的未来发展方向。本文综述了：1）视觉人体工程学，2）前庭应对措施，3）听觉显示，4）体感应对措施，最后是5）多感官显示。本综述强调了听觉和体感应对措施以及多感官设备的积极方面。即使诸如感觉冲突和晕动病等一些方面需要评估，但在未来的人体工程学工作中也应考虑这些应对措施。然而，航空领域最近的一项发展可能会提供新的、更好的前景：无人驾驶飞行器。无人驾驶飞行器旨在突破人类感官系统的生理界限，并有助于应对空间定向障碍和晕动病。即使需要进行研究以改善人机交互，但这一最新发展可能对减少甚至消除前庭空间定向障碍非常有用。
