Cancer-related coagulopathies.

The association between cancer and thrombosis is known for years. Besides the well-recognized connection between venous thromboembolism and malignancies, there are, however, also other manifestations of cancer-related activation of coagulation and (micro)vascular dysfunction. In fact, coagulation derangements and vascular disturbances in patients with cancer cover a wide spectrum of diseases and various clinical manifestations. In this review we will highlight the mechanisms that play a role in the systemic activation of coagulation in cancer patients, in its most severe form manifested as disseminated intravascular coagulation. Clinically, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in cancer has in general a less fulminant presentation than the types of DIC complicating sepsis and trauma. A more gradual, but also more chronic, systemic activation of coagulation can proceed subclinically. The relationship between venous thromboembolism and cancer as a consequence of the hypercoagulability will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the role of perturbed endothelium in the pathogenesis of microvascular dysfunction and microangiopathy in particular in the setting of cancer and chemo- or radiotherapy will be reviewed.