Lambe Laura, Mackinnon Sean P, Stewart Sherry H
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, B3H 4R2, NS, Canada.
J Gambl Stud. 2015 Sep;31(3):867-85. doi: 10.1007/s10899-014-9467-0.
People engage in gambling behaviour for a variety of different reasons, some of which are riskier than others in terms of associations with heavy and problem gambling. Stewart and Zack (Addiction 103:1110-1117, 2008) developed a measure called the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ) that assesses levels of three distinct gambling motives: enhancement (to increase positive emotions), coping (to decrease negative emotions), and social (to increase affiliation). While this measure has been validated in a community-recruited sample of middle-aged gamblers, the GMQ has yet to be validated in emerging adulthood (ages 18-25 years)—a developmental period associated with increased risk for heavy and problematic gambling. The current project tested the psychometric properties of the GMQ in a community sample of emerging adult gamblers using archival data from the Manitoba Longitudinal Study of Young Adults. Participants (N = 487; 73.9% Caucasian; 52.6% female; mean age 22.23 years) completed the GMQ and questionnaire measures of gambling behaviour and problems. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that a three-factor model adequately fit the data; however, problematic items were identified. A modified 9-item version of the GMQ with the problem items removed fit the data well. Both the original 15-item and the 9-item versions had acceptable subscale alpha reliabilities (αs >.78). While all three subscales (from both the 9-item and 15-item versions) were positively correlated with problem gambling, only enhancement motives emerged as a significant independent predictor when the other motives and gambling behaviours were entered as simultaneous predictors. These results suggest the GMQ is a valid measure for tapping motives in emerging adults, and that high enhancement motives are particularly predictive of gambling problems in this developmental period. Future intervention efforts might specifically target enhancement motives in emerging adults.
人们出于各种不同原因参与赌博行为，其中一些原因与重度和问题赌博的关联比其他原因风险更高。斯图尔特和扎克（《成瘾》，第103卷：1110 - 1117页，2008年）开发了一种名为赌博动机问卷（GMQ）的测量工具，用于评估三种不同赌博动机的水平：增强（增加积极情绪）、应对（减少消极情绪）和社交（增加归属感）。虽然该测量工具已在社区招募的中年赌博者样本中得到验证，但GMQ尚未在青年成年期（18 - 25岁）得到验证——这是一个与重度和问题赌博风险增加相关的发展阶段。当前项目使用来自曼尼托巴青年成年人纵向研究的档案数据，在青年成年赌博者的社区样本中测试了GMQ的心理测量特性。参与者（N = 487；73.9%为白种人；52.6%为女性；平均年龄22.23岁）完成了GMQ以及赌博行为和问题的问卷测量。探索性因素分析表明，三因素模型能够充分拟合数据；然而，发现了有问题的项目。去除问题项目后的GMQ修改版9项版本与数据拟合良好。原始的15项版本和9项版本的分量表α信度均可以接受（α >.78）。虽然所有三个分量表（9项版本和15项版本）都与问题赌博呈正相关，但当将其他动机和赌博行为作为同时预测变量纳入时，只有增强动机成为显著的独立预测因素。这些结果表明，GMQ是一种用于挖掘青年成年人动机的有效测量工具，并且高增强动机在这个发展阶段尤其能预测赌博问题。未来的干预措施可能会特别针对青年成年人的增强动机。
