Yi Sunghwan, Stewart Melissa, Collins Pamela, Stewart Sherry H
Department of Marketing and Consumer Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
J Gambl Stud. 2015 Dec;31(4):1515-30. doi: 10.1007/s10899-014-9474-1.
Gambling outcome expectancies refer to the anticipated outcomes that gamblers expect will occur from gambling (i.e., learned memory associations between gambling cues, behavior, and outcomes). Unlike previous approaches to gambling outcome expectancies that have predominantly focused on the valence of outcome expectancies (positive vs. negative), the present study investigated two specific types of positive gambling outcome expectancies: reward and relief gambling outcome expectancies. Specifically, the primary purpose of the current research was to examine whether gambling prime exposure activates different types of positive gambling outcome expectancies in enhancement- versus coping-motivated gamblers. Fifty adult, community-recruited regular gamblers performed a reaction time (RT) task and completed a self-report expectancy scale, both designed to assess reward and relief gambling outcome expectancies. They also completed the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (Stewart and Zack in Addiction 103:1110-1117 2008) to assess their levels of coping and enhancement motives for gambling. As hypothesized, reward gambling outcome expectancies were more strongly activated by gambling prime exposure than relief outcome expectancies on the RT task for gamblers with high enhancement motives. On the self-report expectancy measure, high enhancement-motivated gamblers endorsed stronger reward gambling outcome expectancies than low enhancement-motivated gamblers, and high coping-motivated gamblers endorsed stronger relief gambling outcome expectancies than low coping-motivated gamblers. Results suggest that automatic activation of reward gambling outcome expectancies is particularly strong for high enhancement-motivated gamblers. Possible reasons for the failure to observe an association between coping gambling motives and automatic relief gambling outcome expectancies are discussed.
赌博结果预期是指赌徒期望通过赌博产生的预期结果（即赌博线索、行为和结果之间习得的记忆关联）。与以往主要关注结果预期效价（积极与消极）的赌博结果预期研究方法不同，本研究调查了两种特定类型的积极赌博结果预期：奖励性和缓解性赌博结果预期。具体而言，当前研究的主要目的是检验赌博启动暴露是否会在增强动机型与应对动机型赌徒中激活不同类型的积极赌博结果预期。五十名通过社区招募的成年常客赌徒完成了一项反应时任务，并填写了一份自我报告预期量表，二者均旨在评估奖励性和缓解性赌博结果预期。他们还完成了赌博动机问卷（斯图尔特和扎克，《成瘾》，2008年，第103卷，第1110 - 1117页）以评估其赌博的应对动机和增强动机水平。正如所假设的，对于增强动机较高的赌徒，在反应时任务中，赌博启动暴露对奖励性赌博结果预期的激活作用比对缓解性结果预期的激活作用更强。在自我报告预期测量中，增强动机高的赌徒比增强动机低的赌徒更认同奖励性赌博结果预期，应对动机高的赌徒比应对动机低的赌徒更认同缓解性赌博结果预期。结果表明，对于增强动机高的赌徒，奖励性赌博结果预期的自动激活尤为强烈。文中讨论了未观察到应对赌博动机与自动缓解性赌博结果预期之间关联的可能原因。
