Chellappa Sarah L, Viola Antoine U, Schmidt Christina, Bachmann Valérie, Gabel Virginie, Maire Micheline, Reichert Carolin F, Valomon Amandine, Landolt Hans-Peter, Cajochen Christian
Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Behav Brain Res. 2014 Sep 1;271:23-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.050. Epub 2014 Jun 2.
Non-image-forming (NIF) responses to light powerfully modulate human physiology. However, it remains scarcely understood how NIF responses to light modulate human sleep and its EEG hallmarks, and if there are differences across individuals. Here we investigated NIF responses to light on sleep in individuals genotyped for the PERIOD3 (PER3) variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) polymorphism. Eighteen healthy young men (20-28 years; mean ± SEM: 25.9 ± 1.2) homozygous for the PER3 polymorphism were matched by age, body-mass index, and ethnicity. The study protocol comprised a balanced cross-over design during the winter, during which participants were exposed to either light of 40 lx at 6,500 K (blue-enriched) or light at 2,500 K (non-blue enriched), during 2h in the evening. Compared to light at 2,500 K, light at 6,500 K induced a significant increase in all-night NREM sleep slow-wave activity (SWA: 1.0-4.5 Hz) in the occipital cortex for PER3(5/5) individuals, but not for PER3(4/4) volunteers. Dynamics of SWA across sleep cycles revealed increased occipital NREM sleep SWA for virtually all sleep episode only for PER3(5/5) individuals. Furthermore, they experienced light at 6,500 K as significantly brighter. Intriguingly, this subjective perception of brightness significantly predicted their increased occipital SWA throughout the sleep episode. Our data indicate that humans homozygous for the PER3(5/5) allele are more sensitive to NIF light effects, as indexed by specific changes in sleep EEG activity. Ultimately, individual differences in NIF light responses on sleep may depend on a clock gene polymorphism involved in sleep-wake regulation.
非成像（NIF）光反应有力地调节着人类生理机能。然而，人们对NIF光反应如何调节人类睡眠及其脑电图特征，以及个体之间是否存在差异仍知之甚少。在此，我们研究了具有PERIOD3（PER3）可变数目串联重复序列（VNTR）多态性的个体对光的NIF反应对睡眠的影响。18名PER3多态性纯合的健康年轻男性（20 - 28岁；平均±标准误：25.9±1.2）按年龄、体重指数和种族进行匹配。研究方案包括在冬季采用平衡交叉设计，在此期间，参与者在晚上2小时内分别暴露于6500K（富含蓝光）的40勒克斯光或2500K（非富含蓝光）的光下。与2500K的光相比，6500K的光使PER3(5/5)个体枕叶皮质的全夜非快速眼动睡眠慢波活动（SWA：1.0 - 4.5赫兹）显著增加，但对PER3(4/4)志愿者则没有这种效果。跨睡眠周期的SWA动态变化显示，几乎所有睡眠阶段枕叶非快速眼动睡眠SWA仅在PER3(5/5)个体中增加。此外，他们感觉6500K的光明显更亮。有趣的是，这种对亮度的主观感知显著预测了他们在整个睡眠阶段枕叶SWA的增加。我们的数据表明，PER3(5/5)等位基因纯合的人类对NIF光效应更敏感，这可通过睡眠脑电图活动的特定变化来衡量。最终，NIF光对睡眠反应的个体差异可能取决于参与睡眠 - 觉醒调节的一个生物钟基因多态性。
