From the Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jul;100 Suppl 1:329S-35S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071621. Epub 2014 Jun 4.
Osteoporosis is a common chronic condition associated with progressive loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and compromised bone strength, with increasing risk of fracture over time. Vegetarian diets have been shown to contain lower amounts of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B-12, protein, and n-3 (ω-3) fatty acids, all of which have important roles in maintaining bone health. Although zinc intakes are not necessarily lower quantitatively, they are considerably less bioavailable in vegetarian diets, which suggests the need for even higher intakes to maintain adequate status. At the same time, healthy vegetarian diets tend to contain more of several protective nutrients, including magnesium, potassium, vitamin K, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytonutrients. On balance, there is evidence that vegetarians, and particularly vegans, may be at greater risk of lower BMD and fracture. Attention to potential shortfall nutrients through the careful selection of foods or fortified foods or the use of supplements can help ensure healthy bone status to reduce fracture risk in individuals who adhere to vegetarian diets.
骨质疏松症是一种常见的慢性疾病，与骨矿物质密度（BMD）的逐渐丧失以及骨强度受损有关，随着时间的推移，骨折的风险逐渐增加。素食饮食中钙、维生素 D、维生素 B-12、蛋白质和 n-3（ω-3）脂肪酸的含量较低，所有这些物质在维持骨骼健康方面都起着重要作用。尽管锌的摄入量在数量上不一定较低，但在素食饮食中，锌的生物利用度要低得多，这表明需要更高的摄入量才能维持足够的状态。与此同时，健康的素食饮食往往含有更多的几种保护营养物质，包括镁、钾、维生素 K 以及抗氧化剂和抗炎植物营养素。总的来说，有证据表明素食者，特别是严格素食者，可能面临更低的 BMD 和骨折风险。通过仔细选择食物或强化食品或使用补充剂来注意潜在的营养不足，可以帮助确保健康的骨骼状态，降低坚持素食饮食的个体的骨折风险。
