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北极冬季海冰表面温度和盐度波动及极端条件下的细菌响应。

Bacterial responses to fluctuations and extremes in temperature and brine salinity at the surface of Arctic winter sea ice.

机构信息

School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

出版信息

FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2014 Aug;89(2):476-89. doi: 10.1111/1574-6941.12363. Epub 2014 Jun 30.

DOI:10.1111/1574-6941.12363
PMID:24903191
Abstract

Wintertime measurements near Barrow, Alaska, showed that bacteria near the surface of first-year sea ice and in overlying saline snow experience more extreme temperatures and salinities, and wider fluctuations in both parameters, than bacteria deeper in the ice. To examine impacts of such conditions on bacterial survival, two Arctic isolates with different environmental tolerances were subjected to winter-freezing conditions, with and without the presence of organic solutes involved in osmoprotection: proline, choline, or glycine betaine. Obligate psychrophile Colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34H suffered cell losses under all treatments, with maximal loss after 15-day exposure to temperatures fluctuating between -7 and -25 °C. Osmoprotectants significantly reduced the losses, implying that salinity rather than temperature extremes presents the greater stress for this organism. In contrast, psychrotolerant Psychrobacter sp. strain 7E underwent miniaturization and fragmentation under both fluctuating and stable-freezing conditions, with cell numbers increasing in most cases, implying a different survival strategy that may include enhanced dispersal. Thus, the composition and abundance of the bacterial community that survives in winter sea ice may depend on the extent to which overlying snow buffers against extreme temperature and salinity conditions and on the availability of solutes that mitigate osmotic shock, especially during melting.

摘要

阿拉斯加巴罗附近的冬季测量结果表明,与海冰内部的细菌相比,在海冰表面和上覆盐雪中的细菌经历了更极端的温度和盐度,以及这两个参数更广泛的波动。为了研究这些条件对细菌生存的影响,两种具有不同环境耐受性的北极分离物在有和没有参与渗透保护的有机溶质(脯氨酸、胆碱或甘氨酸甜菜碱)的情况下,经历了冬季冻结条件。专性嗜冷菌 Colwellia psychrerythraea 菌株 34H 在所有处理中都遭受了细胞损失,在 -7 至 -25°C 温度波动下暴露 15 天后损失最大。渗透保护剂显著降低了损失,这意味着对该生物来说,盐度而不是极端温度构成了更大的压力。相比之下,在波动和稳定冻结条件下,耐冷菌 Psychrobacter sp. 菌株 7E 都会发生小型化和碎片化,大多数情况下细胞数量增加,这表明存在不同的生存策略,可能包括增强的扩散。因此,在冬季海冰中存活的细菌群落的组成和丰度可能取决于上覆雪缓冲极端温度和盐度条件的程度,以及缓解渗透冲击的溶质的可用性,尤其是在融化期间。

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