Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Department of Educational Neuroscience and LEARN! Research Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Front Psychol. 2014 May 20;5:457. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00457. eCollection 2014.
Manufacturers of energy drinks (EDs) claim their products improve cognitive performance. Young adolescents are in a critical developmental phase. The impact of ED intake on their development is not yet clear. Therefore, we studied the associations of both caffeine intake and ED consumption with executive functions (EFs), and the role of pubertal status and sleeping problems.
A sample of 509 participants (mean age: 13.1 years, SD 0.85; age range: 11-16 years) participated in the study. The level of pubertal development was classified in five pubertal status categories. Participants were asked to report their caffeine (for example coffee) and ED consumption for each day of the week. In addition, they indicated sleep quality by reporting problems falling asleep or waking up and/or interrupted sleep. EFs were assessed by self- and parent reports of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF).
Consuming on average one or more ED(s) a day was associated with more problems in self-reported behavior regulation and metacognition, and with more problems in parent-reported metacognition. Only high caffeine consumption (two or more cups a day) was associated with parent-reported problems with metacognition. The sum of caffeine and ED use was associated with a higher amount of problems with self-reported metacognition and parent reported behavior regulation. The effect estimates for the association between caffeine and ED use combined and EFs did not exceed those of EDs or caffeine separately. Adjusting for pubertal status, gender, educational level, number of sleeping problems and hours of sleep did not change the effect estimates substantially.
The observed associations between ED consumption and EFs suggest that regular consumption of EDs-even in moderate amounts-may have a negative impact on daily life behaviors related to EF in young adolescents.
能量饮料（EDs）制造商声称其产品可改善认知表现。青少年正处于关键的发育阶段。ED 摄入对他们发育的影响尚不清楚。因此，我们研究了咖啡因摄入和 ED 摄入与执行功能（EFs）的关联，以及青春期状态和睡眠问题的作用。
研究纳入了 509 名参与者（平均年龄：13.1 岁，标准差 0.85；年龄范围：11-16 岁）。青春期发育水平分为五个青春期状态类别。要求参与者报告他们每周每天咖啡因（例如咖啡）和 ED 的摄入量。此外，他们还报告了入睡困难、醒来或睡眠中断等睡眠质量问题。通过自我报告和家长报告行为评定量表的执行功能（BRIEF）评估 EF。
平均每天饮用一种或多种 ED 与自我报告的行为调节和元认知问题更多有关，与家长报告的元认知问题更多有关。只有高咖啡因摄入（每天两杯或更多）与家长报告的元认知问题有关。咖啡因和 ED 使用的总和与自我报告的元认知和家长报告的行为调节的更多问题有关。咖啡因和 ED 使用联合与 EF 之间的关联的效应估计值并不超过 ED 或咖啡因单独的效应估计值。调整青春期状态、性别、教育水平、睡眠问题数量和睡眠时间后，效应估计值没有发生实质性变化。
观察到的 ED 摄入与 EFs 之间的关联表明，青少年经常摄入 ED 饮料——即使是适度摄入——也可能对日常生活中与 EF 相关的行为产生负面影响。
