Zaidel Dahlia W
Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2014 Jun 2;8:389. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00389. eCollection 2014.
Creativity is commonly thought of as a positive advance for society that transcends the status quo knowledge. Humans display an inordinate capacity for it in a broad range of activities, with art being only one. Most work on creativity's neural substrates measures general creativity, and that is done with laboratory tasks, whereas specific creativity in art is gleaned from acquired brain damage, largely in observing established visual artists, and some in visual de novo artists (became artists after the damage). The verb "to create" has been erroneously equated with creativity; creativity, in the classic sense, does not appear to be enhanced following brain damage, regardless of etiology. The turning to communication through art in lieu of language deficits reflects a biological survival strategy. Creativity in art, and in other domains, is most likely dependent on intact and healthy knowledge and semantic conceptual systems, which are represented in several pathways in the cortex. It is adversely affected when these systems are dysfunctional, for congenital reasons (savant autism) or because of acquired brain damage (stroke, dementia, Parkinson's), whereas inherent artistic talent and skill appear less affected. Clues to the neural substrates of general creativity and specific art creativity can be gleaned from considering that art is produced spontaneously mainly by humans, that there are unique neuroanatomical and neurofunctional organizations in the human brain, and that there are biological antecedents of innovation in animals.
创造力通常被认为是社会的一种积极进步，它超越了现有的知识。人类在广泛的活动中展现出了非凡的创造力，艺术只是其中之一。大多数关于创造力神经基础的研究衡量的是一般创造力，这是通过实验室任务来完成的，而艺术中的特定创造力则是从后天脑损伤中发现的，主要是观察已成名的视觉艺术家，也有一些是观察后天才成为艺术家的视觉艺术家（脑损伤后成为艺术家）。动词“创造”被错误地等同于创造力；从经典意义上讲，无论病因如何，脑损伤后创造力似乎并不会增强。转向通过艺术进行交流以弥补语言缺陷反映了一种生物生存策略。艺术以及其他领域的创造力很可能依赖于完整且健康的知识和语义概念系统，这些系统在大脑皮层的多条通路中得以体现。当这些系统因先天性原因（学者型自闭症）或后天脑损伤（中风、痴呆、帕金森病）而功能失调时，创造力会受到不利影响，而内在的艺术天赋和技能似乎受影响较小。通过考虑艺术主要由人类自发产生、人类大脑中存在独特的神经解剖和神经功能组织以及动物创新的生物学前身，可以找到一般创造力和特定艺术创造力神经基础的线索。
