Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Environ Sci Technol. 2014 Jul 15;48(14):8003-11. doi: 10.1021/es405428t. Epub 2014 Jun 26.
Because of large-scale production and use of an increasing diversity of chemicals in modern society, estuarine and coastal waters may be contaminated with numerous substances. Some of these compounds have the potential to affect microalgae at the base of the pelagic food chain. Therefore, we identified the main chemical stressors that negatively affect the effective photosystem II efficiency (ϕPSII) in marine microalgae of the Dutch estuarine and coastal waters. An enhanced effect-directed analysis (EDA) was carried out by combining reversed-phase ultra performance liquid chromatography fractionation of extracts from passive samplers, followed by effect assessment using the pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry assay and chemical analysis of biologically active fractions using high-resolution mass spectrometry. This study focuses on a novel microfractionation technique using 96-well plates to enhance throughput in EDA, structure elucidation, and the analytical and effect confirmation of the compounds that are identified. Although there are numerous unknown compounds present in estuarine and coastal waters, our EDA study shows that atrazine, diuron, irgarol, isoproturon, terbutryn, and terbutylazine are the main contributors to the observed effect on the ϕPSII of marine microalgae.
由于现代社会大规模生产和使用种类日益繁多的化学物质，港湾和沿海水域可能受到众多物质的污染。其中一些化合物有可能影响到浮游食物链底部的微藻类。因此，我们确定了对荷兰港湾和沿海水域海洋微藻类有效光合系统 II 效率（ϕPSII）产生负面影响的主要化学胁迫因子。我们通过结合使用被动采样器提取物的反相超高效液相色谱分离，对增强的定向效应分析（EDA）进行了研究，然后使用脉冲幅度调制荧光测定法进行效应评估，并使用高分辨率质谱对具有生物活性的馏分进行化学分析。本研究侧重于使用 96 孔板的新型微分级技术，以提高 EDA、结构解析以及鉴定化合物的分析和效应确认的通量。尽管港湾和沿海水域存在许多未知化合物，但我们的 EDA 研究表明，莠去津、双丙环唑、唑草酮、异丙隆、特丁津和特丁净是造成海洋微藻类 PSII 观察到的效应的主要因素。
